Waiting for a Kidney - 972 Words

Waiting for a Kidney In the United States there are 122,365 people waiting for organs to be donated; of those 100,218, are waiting for a kidney transplant. The transplant list is so long that some patients wait up to 10 years to receive a kidney. These patients wait in agony for a kidney they may never receive. An article by Barbara Mantel affirms that the most common reasons for kidney transplant include: Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, kidney stones, Inherited Kidney disease, and inflammatory effects of drug therapy for other diseases. The U.S Department of Health and Human Services records show that in 2012 there were 30% more deceased Kidney donors than living donors. The†¦show more content†¦The law will not allow wealthy foreigners to take their organs by buying them. The Indian government has set up committees that will check and make sure there is no commercial transaction between the organ donor and recipient and ensure no pecuniary promises have been made to the donor or any other per son for the organ donation (Basu). This great measure will hopefully save help save the lives of many Indian citizens. After India worked to reduce the illegal trade of organs, Pakistan became a popular destination for transplant tourism. Syed F. Kazim a writer for JPMA concludes that in 2005 almost 1,500 foreigners went to Pakistan to purchase kidneys and receive transplants in private hospitals. The supreme court of Pakistan has now implemented a law to stop illegal selling of organs. The law ensures that the citizens of Pakistan are not obligated to sell their organs in exchange for money (Kazim). Organs are often taken from defenseless teens in exchange for money, if they resisted their organs were taken forcefully. In 2005, nine prisoners in Pakistan were beaten and had their kidneys taken from them later it was found that their kidneys were bought by foreigners (Kazim). The law bans donating to people who are not close relatives (Kazim). This is a way of preventing the illegal sale of organs from Pakistan in the black market. Pakistan also bans donating organs to other countries, if the law is not followed serious and severe punishments are imposed, the punishmentShow MoreRelatedRecently, over 90,000 American men, women, and children are waiting for new kidneys. However, only600 Words   |  3 Pageschildren are waiting for new kidneys. However, only about 16,500 kidneys were donated for transplant operations to be performed. These show that quite simple high demand and low supplies. According to the Professor Mcnaught’s lecture, the cost of a kidney transplant runs about $250,000 and its bill goes up to $70,000 annually. Dialysis is even becoming more expensive and price-inelastic. To solve this high demand and low supplies situation that causes people die while they are waiting for organ donatorsRead MoreBenefits Of Receiving A Kidney854 Words   |  4 Pages Although, illegal kidney trade is targeted as dangerous, but is essential compared to getting a kidney in America. Specifically, the U.S waiting list is just too long. Furthermore, there multiple advantages of obtaining a kidney in the U.S, but isn’t worthy compare to its disadvantages. However, getting a kidney apart from the U.S has benefits for those in developing and poor countries. Overall, they’re a generous amount of statements to prove why the illegal kidney trade is essential. Their multipleRead MoreThe Treatment Of Kidney Diseases Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesKidney diseases are one of the major concerns in the USA and with this, thousands of Americans currently on the national waiting list for a deceased donor. Patients can wait for years to find a compatible donor, and for the more sensitized patients the waiting is long. For sensitized patient the transplantation is a nightmare, because even if they find a living donor candidate willing to give away a kidney, the recipient may not be able to receive the transplant due to the incompatibility of theirRead MoreMedical Allocation And Its Effects On Society773 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Each year almost 5,000 people die in the United States while waiting for organ transplants. Thus, cadaveric organs are extremely valuable resources whose allocation literally has life and death implications. Address how the following factors should be relevant to allocation (or whether they are indeed relevant at all): medical condition, probability of success, geographic location, waiting time, ability to pay, age, family status, and behavioral causes of organ failure† (Weimer, Vining, 201l, pgRead MoreThe Ethical And Medical Controversy1413 Words   |  6 Pagesexists ethically is to be believed that putting a price on a human organ is materialistic, people may go to extremes to donate a kidney, and the fear of the spread of infections or diseases. Although the fears are natural, mostly because people have always associated the black market with a negative connotation, the ethical fears out-weigh the idea that donating a kidney can save a person’s life (Taylor, 2006). To make an accurate assumption about organs on the black market, both the positives andRead MoreAlternative Treatments For Organ Failure1346 Words   |  6 PagesBioartificial Kidney Introduction One of the ideal treatments for organ failure in most of the cases is an organ transplant, which will help restore the function of the organ. Studies have shown that patient with kidney failure that are on a long-term dialysis have a higher mortality rate than patients with kidney transplants. However, there is a shortage of organ donors worldwide. According to the united network for organ sharing, as of October 30, 2015 there are 101,237 people on the kidney transplantRead MoreUnethical Trade Is A Strong Feeling Of Dislike Or Disgust About Something?998 Words   |  4 Pagesattitudes towards one seemingly repugnant trade i.e. payment to kidney donors. justify According to the National Kidney Foundation there are currently 123,193footnote{ Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) of the United States} people waiting for an organ transplant in United States of America. Out of these people about 101,662 are waiting for a kidney transplant. The average waiting time for a person to receive a kidney transplant is roughly around 3.6 years. About 12 people die eachRead MoreA Family Is Grieving For A Serious Congenital Heart Disease881 Words   |  4 Pagesdonation, according to the U.S department of Health and Human Services (Logos), â€Å"more than 120,000 men, women, and children are currently waiting for lifesaving organ transplants† (Statistics | Midwest Transplant Network). Every ten minute another name is added to the national waiting list that is 144 people in one day and 52,560 every year. One of the people on the waiting list for an organ transplant might be someone you know (Pathos). c. Preview/ Thesis: The lack of available organs is still a problemRead MorePersuasive Essay On Organ Donation1263 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Every 10 minutes, someone is added to the waiting list for an organ transplant and an average of 22 people die every day while waiting (â€Å"FACT SHEET: Obama Administration Announces Key Actions to Reduce the Organ Waiting List†).† Potential donors are often interested in donating a kidney, but are hesitant because their loved ones could need one in the future. Altruists are people who do not see any less value in a stranger’s life than in the lives of their loved ones. A stranger or acquaintanceRead MoreIn This Article I Will Go Through Some Of The Basic Information800 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle I will go through some of the basic information needed to save a life by donating a kidney while you are still alive, and then look at a number of reasons why it is so difficult to get this sort of information out to the general public. The waiting list for kidney transplants in America is over 100,000 (and growing at a rate of about 10,000 a year). Seventeen people a day die while waiting for a kidney transplant. (Note: Statistics in countries like Australia and England, where non-directed

Internet as a Learning Tool Free Essays

string(57) " attitudes towards internet based on various parameters\." International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 INTERNET AS LEARNING TOOL: INDIAN ENGINEERING STUDENT’S PERCEPTION Vandana Sharma [1], Rishu Chhabra[2] 1 2 Education Research, Infosys Technologies Limited, Mysore, Karnataka, India Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chitkara University, Punjab, India, ABSTRACT Our global economy now relies on brainpower and innovation rather than manual labor and raw material as a generator of wealth and good education has become the key part in shaping the success of the countries. Over the last decade, t h e I T revolution has brought in advancement that shows increasingly visible effects on the education with the birth of online education. First student community realized the effect of the internet on their education. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet as a Learning Tool or any similar topic only for you Order Now Invention of internet has removed all the barriers to learning. The scope of this paper is to analyze the north Indian engineering student’s perception about internet as learning tool effects of internet on them in perspective of their relations, education, entertainment and and socialization. Technology can have both positive and negative consequences on people in different walks of life at different times. Now necessity is to understand the true impact of it so that everybody gathers benefits that yield a healthy mind. In this paper, with the help of an empirical study it was inspected that whether the contacts via e- mail, online chatting and availability of information through Internet would lead our students in a better learned and connected individual. Study also examines the kind of learning mode students prefer. These issues are discovered in detail and suitable solutions are proposed to counter the negative effects of internet on students. Keyword: Internet, education, learning tool INTRODUCTION Internet is a tool for the improvement of learning. A textbook which was a traditional learning tool are now out of date as internet moves quickly and provides updated information and includes a wide variety of International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 international sources. Now learning has a greater reliance on information acquired from the internet rather than from textbooks. Dependence on this tool has increased exponentially and unbelievably. Social, geographical, economical barriers are disappearing as students interact worldwide. The technological revolution has a faster and deeper impact on more and more lives. This has further increased with the improvement of technology. Venkatesh [1] surveyed in his paper that all technologies create an impact of s o m e k i n d . For example, the television technology has had an influence on the media habits of the public, their attitudes and behavior towards entertainment and the interaction between family members. Cole [2] assessed the requisite of Internet as a mainstream medium t h a t m a y s o o n b e a s prevalent a s television although pace of its diffusion seems much faster. Kraut e t al [3] conducted a longitudinal study on the effects of Internet on social involvement and psychological well-being. Their findings show that the greater use of the Internet was significantly related with decreased community within the family, a decrease in local social network and loneliness and depression. In a report of SIQSS, [4] N. Nie has also continued with the negative consequences of the Internet that are similar with the outcomes of the Kraut group. Katz and Aspden [5] made a survey using 2500 respondents, 8 percent of them were Internet users. Comparing users with non-users, they establish no evidence t h a t t h e u s e o f i nternet reduces people’s membership in social and religious organizations. Among users, more use of the Internet was related with additional contact with family members and an increased involvement in online communities. This survey contradicts the discoveries presented in [4] and [5]. Wellman [6] made a survey on â€Å"the National Geographic Society website† and came out wi t h t h e s u g g es t i o ns t hat t h e I n t er n e t can be used for increasing interpersonal connectivity and organizational involvement. Not only can expose people to more inf ormation and more contacts, it can reduce commitment to community. However, this increased connectivity and involvement. In 2009 there were nearly 81,000,000 users of internet in India. There are many studies available at global level about the impact of internet on students but studies about Indian engineering students are not available. INTERNET IN EDUCATION There are number of main advantages of using internet for education [7] A . Flexibility and Variety The flexibility of the internet is possibly the greatest advantage for online education. Websites, interactive activities, lecture notes, videoconferencing, webinars, chartrooms, and blogs, online education students and their educators can interact in ways that are already known to them. Internet provides user friendly interface International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 to user and new users also feel more comfortable with time B. Ease and Low Cost of Access Internet has defeated the distance barrier for learning. Students need not to move to gain knowledge. It has become easy and affordable for everyone from a rural area student to a working professional. For the purpose of interactive courses and videoconferencing rural students are facing problem and this still requires attention C. Ease and Low Cost of Setting Information Online Email, chat and interactive online meeting has become new way of learning. Information regarding a course is all available online. This is not only accessible but is affordable for institutes also. Records are available for 24X7 for any time use. D. Ease of Updating Information Online Information updation is easier than revising a textbook. Results can be displayed just after an exam. A new course is easy to add. New research or finding can become part of syllabus instantly. In [8] Aytekin ISMAN, Fahme DABAJ studied students-teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards internet based on various parameters. You read "Internet as a Learning Tool" in category "Essay examples" It was concluded that at education cycle of students concentrate more to learn internet alternatives and functions for getting great positive benefit their future life by adapting contemporary trends. In [9] Hong etal studied . Students’ attitudes toward the use of the Internet for it is important that students should b e exposed learning at a university in Malaysia and showed that to this web based learning so that they could get benefit from Web-based courses and Web-assisted conducted in their field of specialization by the various departments. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this research was to collect information about the impact of internet on learning of engineering students. This study is directed to answer following questions: †¢ †¢ †¢ What is the attitude of students towards using internet for their course contents? Do the students prefer using internet over books? Does internet builds confidence in students by helping them in presentations etc.? METHODOLOGY The research instrument in this study was a questionnaire. There were total of 20 questions in this questionnaire each with five selections of response from â€Å"Strongly Agree† to Strongly Disagree†. Questions were divided into four categories. In first category questions were framed to measure student’s attitude toward International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 he use of internet for their course purpose. Sample question for this category is â€Å"With the help of internet I am able to collect more study material â€Å". Second category asks students about their preference of internet over books. Sample question for this statement is â€Å"For study purpose I prefer spending time on internet surfing rather sitting in a library â€Å". Third category measures the student’s attitude for internet as a tool of confidence builder. Sample question is â€Å"Internet has boosted my confidence as I am able to present my reports, seminars etc. n better wayâ€Å". In the last category miscellaneous questions were asked to get student opinion about group learning through internet using blogs and discussion forums, their time spent on internet etc. As all students were engineering students, questions were not asked to measure their basic knowledge and skills of the internet. Population under investigation included 100 students of Computer Science Engineering of a Wifi enabled engineering institute campus. All students use Laptop and Internet on daily basis. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Student’s attitude towards using internet for their syllabi There were four questions under this category. For each statement responses were coded 2 for â€Å"Strongly disagree â€Å"to 5 for â€Å"Strongly agree† and 1 for â€Å"No opinion†. Thus the scores for each student on the statement ranges from 8 to 20. Scores from 8-10, 12-16 and 17-20 were classified as having â€Å"negative† ,†neutral† and â€Å"Positive† attitude towards the use of internet for learning. Table 1 shows the result. Table1. Student’s attitude towards using internet for learning. Scores 8-10 12-16 17-20 Attitude Negative Neutral Positive Frequency 2 58 40 B. Student’s preference of internet for study material over the books For each statement responses were coded for 2 â€Å"Strongly disagree â€Å"to 5 for â€Å"Strongly agree† and 1 for â€Å"No opinion†. Thus the scores for each student on the statement range from 10 to 21. Scores from 10-14, 1517 and 18-21 were classified as â€Å"do not prefer using internet â€Å",†no preference† and â€Å"prefer use of internet† over books. Table 2 shows the result of student’s preference of internet over books International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 Table2. Student’s preference of internet over books Scores 10-14 15-17 18-21 Preference Frequency Do not 15 Prefer No 48 preference 37 Prefer C. Student’s attitude towards internet as a confidence builder For each statement responses were coded 2 for â€Å"Strongly disagree â€Å"to 5 for â€Å"Strongly agree† and 1 for â€Å"no opinion†. Thus the scores for each student on the statement range from 2 to 10. Scores from 2-4, 5-7 and 810 were classified as having â€Å"Negative â€Å",†Neutral† and â€Å"Positive† attitudes towards the use of internet for learning. Table 3 shows the attitude of students toward internet as confidence builder. Table3. Student’s attitude towards internet as a confidence builder. Scores 2-4 5-7 8-10 Attitude Negative Neutral Positive Frequency 11 31 58 Despite of the fact that the students in this survey were from computer science engineering stream half of the students find it difficult to understand all the terms on WebPages. 90% students spend 1-5 hours on internet. 66% students use blogs and discussion forum for the solution to their technical problems. Only 8% students disagree that internet can be helpful in group learning. 79% students consider that mixture of online course and classroom course will be better for learning process. 84% students feel that internet helpful to prepare them for examination. 71% students do not find internet adding to laziness. 51 % students believe that the use of internet has decreased the verbal communications among themselves. Internet has positive impact on learning domain but has negative impact on social aspects of a student’s personality. Though students realize this they should indulge more in social interactions and activities. Institutes should hold seminars time to time to make students aware about the importance of internet as learning tool. Institutes should encourage group learning through internet and should promote the use of blogs for learning purpose. Courses should be designed in blended format of classroom and online teaching. As result of this survey showed that more Indian students are opting online books as compare to paper book so use of online book International Journal of Computing and Business Research ISSN (Online) : 2229-6166 Volume 2 Issue 2 May 2011 reading devices should be promoted. The use of such devices is user friendly. CONCLUSION In this paper result of the survey of use of internet as learning tool by engineering student has been presented. Engineering students are using computer and internet on daily basis. Maximum students find internet a very useful tool for their studies. Students prefer online books and study material. They find internet helpful to boost their confidence for presentations and reports. Engineering institutes should promote the use of internet as a learning tool and should provide infrastructure to facilitate the students. Students also feel that excess use of internet may cause some socialization problems. REFERENCES [1] A. Venkatesh, A c onceptualization of Household/Technology Interactions, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 12, 189-194, 1985. [2] J. I. Cole, The Impact of the Internet on Our Social,Political and Economic Life, The UCCLA Center for communication Policy, 2000. [3] R. Kraut, M. Patterosn, V. undmark, S. Keisler, T. Mukophadhyay and W. Scherlis, Internet Paradox: being? , a Social Technology that Reduces Social Involvement and PsychologicalWell53(9),1998a. American Psychologist, [4] N. Nie, Study of social Consequences of the Internet, Stanford Institute of the Quantitative Study of Society (SIQSS), 2000. [5] J. Katz, and P. Aspden, Motivations for and Barriers to Internet Usage: Results of a national publicopinion survey,Internet Research-Electronic 170, 1997. [6] B. Wellman, A. Q. Haase, J. Witte, K. Hampton, Does the Internet Increase, Decrease, or Supplement Social Capital? Social Networks,Participation, and Community Commitment, The Internet in Everyday Life, American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 437-456, 2001. [7]http://www. college-university- directory. com/internet_1. html [8] Aytekin ISMAN, Fahme DABAJ, Attitudes of Students Towards Internet,Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE October 2004 ISSN 1302-6488 ,5 (4) [9] Kian-Sam Hong, Abang Ahmad Ridzuan , Ming-Koon Kuek , Students’ attitudes toward the use of the Internet for learning: A study at a university in Malaysia. networking Applications and Policy, Vol. 7(3), How to cite Internet as a Learning Tool, Essay examples

International Aviation Administrative Constitution Covers

Question: Discuss about the International Aviation for Administrative Constitution Covers. Answer: Common support framework The eu administrative constitution covers all segments of the air transport chain which can have an effect on the safety of the air ship and/or base. It contains: air terminal, flying computer, tourists, things, payload, air terminal and in-flight presents, security employees and gear. Eu rules apply to all aircraft terminals in the Union which can be considering fashioned avionics, to all administrators giving administrations at these air terminals, including air transporters, and to each single other administrator 'making use of flight protection directions' giving merchandise or administrations to or by way of such airports. The protection principles related may just by and with the aid of is proportionate to the air ship/operation/exercise integrated. In this setting, every Member State assigns a solitary vigor to be in command of planning and checking the usage of flight safety legislation, in addition draws up and actualizesnational customary flying security software. Part States additionally build up and executecountry wide quality control software', force punishments for encroachment, and coordinate with the commission when it conducts investigations to screen consistence with European manages on avionics safety. The directors worried have to draw up and actualize a 'security program' preserving in intellect the tip intention to conform to eu legislation and the 'country wide customary aeronautics safety application' of the Member State where they are observed. The fee completes unannounced examinations of plane terminals and directors, in collaboration with the national powers answerable for flight protection, to display the execution of ecu law. Chicago convention The AIG is a working gathering of senior authorities containing sellers from the division, CASA, Air services and protection. The AIG underpins the APG in the usage of cross-group techniques and is led by way of the chief Director of the Aviation and Airports Division in the division. The AIG goes about as a guiding gathering in connection to a scope of matters bearing on the SSP and helps APG in its continuing with advancement and execution. The AIG meets quarterly and stories to the APG on the hobbies and features of reference within the SSP. AIG additionally offers course to the SSP move-company staff on SSP execution. National aviation structure The national aviation structure can be shown as- Annexes Each Member State is in charge of the safety of flights withdrawing from its domain ('have state duty', as set around the ICAO). All tourists and staff and all stuff have got to be screened earlier than boarding. Payload, mail, and in-flight provides will have to likewise be screened earlier than being stacked, unless they have been subjected to fitting security controls. Section States hold the privilege to apply extra stringent efforts to set up safety will have to they consider of it as major. International air transport association The 'third bundle' additionally set out the prerequisites that neighborhood air bearers have got to comply with a specified finish intention to start or proceed with operations, more often than not: They perhaps claimed and competently managed by using Member States and/or nationals of Member States, and their foremost place of industry must be based in a Member State. Their financial circumstance maybe excellent. They must be appropriately safeguarded to cover threat if there should be a prevalence of mishaps. They must have the trained capacity and association to warranty the safety of operations as per the controls in compel. This capacity is verify by the drawback of an 'air administrator testimony'. In parallel with the atmosphere-up of the single Aviation Market, normal directions had been embraced to warranty its proper working, which requires, outstandingly, (1) a degree playing field and (2) a high and uniform level of insurance for tourists. With a specific finish purpose to assurance a level taking part in subject, the enactment on state aid and competition. This used to be no longer clear considering the fact that gigantic open recapitalizations of carriers have been particularly general unless the mid-90s. However, during the years the commission ideas serving to survey open financing of the area came no more to match the present market atmosphere on account that they dated back to, for my part, 1994 and 2005. They had been on this method supplanted in spring 2014. Supra-national regulators Regardless of the harmonization work drove by means of the country wide companies by means of the Joint Aviation Authorities, there are still impressive contrasts between national practices and it is not unique for a maker to ought to create diverse editions of the equal style of air ship or of its hardware as per the nation the place it'll be utilized. In addition, the must haves pressured on directors alternate establishing with one nation then onto the subsequent and every now and then make differences between carriers which can be in contention with every other in the equal markets. To beat these issues, the European Union has installed a factor permitting the presentation into community regulation of instructional materials drawn up via the JAA or different European bodies, making such gauges part of the neighborhood lawful request, and thusly obligatory. ICAO The convention on worldwide Civil Aviation, marked in Chicago on 7 December 1944, got here into compel on four April 1947. The legitimate instrument that offers have an impact on to this in Australia is the Air Navigation Act 1920. The conference hooked up detailed requisites and game plans so common customary flight can create in a blanketed and deliberate manner, and that worldwide air transport administrations be mounted on the premise of fairness of hazard and labored soundly and monetarily. Role of international aviation In various stories, additionally primarily in its selection of 14 February 1995 entitled 'the trail ahead for common flying in Europe', Parliament has harassed the requirement for a typical technique on air transport accommodating extra noteworthy and extra satisfactory rivalry among aircrafts. Parliament's backing for the foundation and authentic working of the one Aviation Market has on this method been constant. On this method, in any case, Parliament has regularly all in favor of that the development of air transport need to be actualized mindfully and step-by-step and should regulate the interests of both consumers and the trade. As a result, within the path of the final quarter of a century Parliament has dependably contended for affordable competition, flight security, nature of administration and tourists' rights, even as moreover guarding the working states of plane employees, and in addition ecological coverage. For example, it's Parliament that, privilege from the start of the development process, has requested for criteria overseeing state helps to air terminals and aircrafts and the reception of common principles on ground handling, air terminal expenditures or tourists' rights. This 'adjusted state of intellect' towards the development of air transport used to be as of late outlined once more when Parliament, at first perusing, tremendously revised the commission's ideas of 2011 on openings and on ground handling administrations at ecu plane terminals. Aviation contribution The United Kingdom has dependably been an outward-watching nation an island economic climate that for quite a long time has owed its thriving to the car and alternate guides connecting it with whatever stays of the arena. With the increasing globalization of our economic system and society, the fate of the United Kingdom will virtually hold on being formed with the aid of the adequacy of its universal transport techniques. We believe that avionics framework assumes an most important phase in contributing to fiscal progress by way of the network it conveys. For illustration, it offers better entry to business sectors, improves correspondences and business connections, encourages alternate and venture and makes strides trade productiveness by means of time funds, diminished bills and improved unwavering great for business voyagers and airship cargo operations. There is extensive assertion that avionics benefits the UK economy, each at a country wide and a provincial stage. While sees fluctuate on the correct estimation of this talents, contingent upon the presumptions and definitions utilized, reactions to each the perusing file and the tips exhibited that the financial advantages are noteworthy, notably these benefits coming about seeing that of the supply gave by means of flight. Also we take delivery of there to be social and social advantages from flying. This part outlines the precept advantages of flying. SARPs (Standards and Recommended Practices) The Chicago convention offers (Article 37) for the Council of ICAO to make concepts and urged works on managing an broad form of concerns worried with the security, normality and productivity of air route. The present benchmarks and steered practices are disbursed through ICAO as Annexes to the Chicago convention. This rundown likewise demonstrates the institution in command of every Annex. Extra knowledge about Annexes is available from the ICAO website. Duplicates of the additions are available from ICAO or they might be gotten to at tremendous libraries. Extensions may likewise be examined on the Library of the department of Infrastructure and Regional development, Canberra telephone (02) 6274 7641. Adoption of standard procedure and practices Connect thirteen of the Chicago conference offers the international SARPs because the premise for flying mischance, specific episode and prevalence examinations, mishap counteractive action and mishap and specific episode reporting, with the only goal being mishap avoidance. It is not the goal to distribute fault or provide a approach for deciding an obligation. ICAO deals with a database often called the Accident/Incident Reporting (ADREP) framework, where security data determined amid an avionics examination, and regarded important to mischance aversion, is shared among contracting States worldwide. The Australian Transport safety Bureau in the department of Infrastructure and Regional progress is the capable workplace for doing the factors of Annex 13, including normal enrolled flying computing device in Australia and Australian enlisted air ship overseas. International air transport association The global Airport Operator's guide has been created to provide current and future Australian global aircraft terminal directors with data on base and contract plans and workplaces required through fringe and outskirt associated workplaces principal for them to entire administrative visitor getting ready and outskirt safety works as dictated with the aid of the Australian executive. This advisor gives knowledge and exhortation on settlement and groundwork prerequisites for (a) present universal plane terminal directors in connection to every day group specifications and for the motivations behind arranging restoration or redevelopment of air terminal terminals; and (b) air terminal directors looking to system basic worldwide flights. Import and export In spite of the fact that airship cargo conveys a bit extent of UK trade by weight, it is primarily principal for helping fare drove development in areas the place the merchandise are of high esteem or time basic. Airship cargo is a key component of the stock community within the propelled fabricating division wherein the UK is hoping to construct aggressive first-class. Merchandise valued at 116 billion are dispatched through air between the united kingdom and non-European countries, talking to 35% of the UKs further eu alternate by using worth.7 8 The categorical airship cargo section on my own contributed 2.Three billion to UK GDP in 2010, and encourages eleven billion of UK fares a 12 months. Greater than 38,000 individuals are chiefly utilized within the express industry, which underpins greater than 43,000 occupations in specific divisions of the economy. A potent and assorted economic climate will pressure a requirement for swifter airship cargo. Key segments to preserve manufacturing vegetation working are commonly received from master corporations in North America and the Far East. To keep construction lines moving this regularly must be accomplished at short observe. Entry to such administrations is predominant to retaining UK producing focused within the worldwide industrial core. Supporting airport across UK One of the most govt.s elements in serving to the financial system to increase is to empower hypothesis and fares as a course to a more adjusted economic climate. Air terminals are in some routes city areas in themselves, making regional occupations moreover, fuelling open doors for fiscal rebalancing in their more extensive locale or variety. New or extra successive world associations pull in industry action, boosting the economic climate of the locale and giving new openings and higher entry to new markets for existing businesses. The federal government perceives the relevant section air terminals over the United Kingdom play in giving household and international associations and the essential commitment they can make to the progress of regional economies. For further faraway ingredients of the UK, flight shouldn't be an extravagance, however rather offers crucial community. Nineteen million travelers took loved ones flights in 2011. Conclusion Many air terminals go about as relevant focuses for business development and vocation by way of giving rapid conveyance of gadgets by way of air and worthy access to global markets. For instance, Birmingham Airport utilizes simply 500 members straightforwardly; nonetheless a hundred and fifty firms on the air terminal site make use of a mixture of 7,000 folks, 23 East Midlands Airport goes about as a center for cargo, with three of the 4 worldwide categorical airship cargo suppliers and Royal Mail preserving up actual operations from the website. Airports in Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales and external the South East of Britain additionally have an imperative part in interesting more huge conjecture progress sought after for avionics in the UK, which might take some weight off London's most important plane terminals. The accessibility of direct air advantages in the community from these air terminals can decrease the requirement for air tourists what's more, cargo to move long separations to gain bigger UK aircraft terminals. References Broach, D. Schroeder, D. (2006). Air Traffic Control Specialist Age and En Route Operational Errors. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 16(4), 363-373. EOV Editorial Board. (2015). The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 25(3-4), ebi-ebi. Hoc, J. Lemoine, M. (1998). Cognitive Evaluation of Human-Human and Human-Machine Cooperation Modes in Air Traffic Control. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 8(1), 1-32. International aeromedical update. (1983). Air transport Aviation, 2(10), 4-5. International air Medical services. (1988). air Aviation, 7(9), 62. Majoros, A. (2008). Video-Mediated Collaborative Engineering Support. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 18(1), 117-134. Martinussen, M. Torjussen, T. (1998). Pilot Selection in the Norwegian Air Force: A Validation and Meta-Analysis of the Test Battery. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 8(1), 33-45. Mogford, R. (1997). Mental Models and Situation Awareness in Air Traffic Control. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 7(4), 331-341. Morineau, T., Hoc, J., Denecker, P. (2003). Cognitive Control Levels in Air Traffic Radar Controller Activity. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 13(2), 107-130. Naikar, N. Lintern, G. (2002). BOOK REVIEW. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 12(4), 391-400. Nunez, J. (1989). MEDJET Internationalthe story. transport Aviation, 8(7), 19-25. Prinzel, L. Wickens, C. (2009). Preface. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 19(2), 99-104. Shorrock, S. Isaac, A. (2010). Mental Imagery in Air Traffic Control. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 20(4), 309-324. Shouksmith, G. Taylor, J. (1997). The Interaction of Culture With General Job Stressors in Air Traffic Controllers. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 7(4), 343-352. Simpson, P. Lintern, G. (2000). BOOK REVIEW. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 10(4), 411-417. The International Journal of Aviation PsychologyReviewers 2015. (2015). The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 25(3-4), 227-228. Vidulich, M., Nelson, W., Bolia, R. (2006). Speech-Based Controls in Simulated Air Battle Management. The International Journal Of Aviation Psychology, 16(2), 197-213. Violence against civil aviation. (1972). Int Comp Law Q, 21(1), 188-189. Welton, J. (1987). The joys of international flight nursing. Air transport Aviation, 6(12), 17-18.

Two Factor Theory free essay sample

Two Factor Theory by Herzberg as its name suggested the theory indeed is divided into two parts. First part being the Hygiene factors or sometimes referred to as Maintenance. Extrinsic factors meaning they come from the environment of the task/job and the person carrying the task, and not from the person himself nor the task itself. By fulfilling these factors, workers have no dissatisfaction, vice versa the theory suggests that if these factors are in absent, workers will have dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors are basic requirements from workers, in which the organisation must provide and maintain in order to motivate and share good relationship with workers in the long run. Hygiene factors are indeed called extrinsic factors because they are factors such as salary, job environment; job security, companys policies and benefits, and so on. Simple explanations, ones salary should be at the same level of those having the same job in the same industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Factor Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The job should provide good environment making the person will secured, hence has no dissatisfaction. In the case where ones salary is too low, one is likely to be dissatisfied and then likely to be demotivated. Second part being the Motivational factors, whereby these factors are much more personal, derived from within the worker himself; and because of that, to Herzberg motivational factors unlike the hygiene factors are regarded as motivators and also referred to as intrinsic factors. Motivational factors are much more short term factors, job achievement, job recognition, job promotion are examples of such factors. As mentioned Herzberg recognised as motivators and therefore if a workplace has high level of these factors, workers are most likely to feel satisfied. Herzberg explained when a workers accomplishment get recognised for instance, it can lead to a higher level of esteem; sense of responsibilities can lead to sense of ownership in the organisation. Assuming when workers have higher level of esteem, workers are more satisfied, and when workers share a sense of ownership with the organisation, they feel more motivated. Two Factor theory even though is widely accepted and implemented, it does have its limitations. Many said that Herzbergs theory, which assume the correlation between satisfaction and productivity lacks research support, and disregards human nature that tends to blame external factors when things go wrong. The theory speaks off safety in workplace, ignoring the environment faced by certain industry such as the blue collar workers. There is a point that shall be emphasised while reviewing the two-factor theory; that is by eliminating dissatisfaction (providing the right amount of salary per se) does not result in higher level of satifaction. By eliminating dissatisfaction (providing a secured job) can only result in a peaceful workplace, and not unnecessary motivate workers to perform better. More importantly, an organisation cannot keep raising a workers pay whenever he feels dissatisfied, therefore Herzberg suggested to focus on the motivational factors by utilising each workers competencies. Victor Vrooms Expectancy theory is a process of psychological thoughts, where by it is believed that workers are motivated when they believe they have the ability to achieve the task if they put in good amount of effort, and by achieving, as a return they will earn rewards which in their view worth their effort, and that the reward is something they desire enough to make an effort. Vroom concluded the workers performance is based on knowledge, experience, skill and personality, therefore each individual is different, and that they may share different objectives. Vroom specified three variables required for expectancy theory. The first one is Expectancy, in general workers have to believe that they are able to accomplish the given task for them to start feeling motivated. The second variable is Instrumentality, this stresses the fact that receiving a reward when the task is accomplished, must be ensured, if workers have doubt whether or not they will receive a reward, there is high chances they feel demotivated. Lastly Valence, it referred to the value workers hold towards the reward. Be it money, promotion or just a sense of recognition, different workers may value different rewards, therefore the management must find out what his workers value. Vroom concluded that individuals usually go for the option that has the most motivation forces (MF). And that motivation force is the product of the three variables being mentioned. Therefore MF = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence; noticing the formula, none of the variable can have the value of zero, or the whole process will be zero, meaning absolutely no motivational force.

Battle of Salamis in the Persian Wars

Battle of Salamis in the Persian Wars The Battle of Salamis was fought in September 480 BC during the Persian Wars (499-449 BC). One of the great naval battles in history, Salamis saw the out-numbered Greeks best a larger Persian fleet. The campaign had witnessed the Greeks pushed south and Athens captured. Regrouping, the Greeks were able to lure the Persian fleet into the narrow waters around Salamis which negated their numerical advantage. In the resulting battle, the Greeks badly defeated the enemy and forced them to flee. Unable to supply their army by sea, the Persians were forced to retreat north. Persian Invasion Invading Greece in the summer of 480 BC, Persian troops led by Xerxes I were opposed by an alliance of Greek city-states. Pushing south into Greece, the Persians were supported offshore by a large fleet. In August, the Persian army met Greek troops at the pass of Thermopylae while their ships encountered the allied fleet in the Straits of Artemisium. Despite a heroic stand, the Greeks were defeated at the Battle of Thermopylae forcing the fleet to retreat south to aid in the evacuation of Athens. Assisting in this effort, the fleet then moved to ports on Salamis. Athens Falls Advancing through Boeotia and Attica, Xerxes attacked and burned those cities that offered resistance before occupying Athens. In an effort to continue resistance, the Greek army established a new fortified position on the Isthmus of Corinth with the goal of defending the Peloponnesus. While a strong position, it could be easily outflanked if the Persians embarked their troops and crossed the waters of the Saronic Gulf. To prevent this, some of the allied leaders argued in favor of moving the fleet to the isthmus. Despite this threat, the Athenian leader Themistocles argued for remaining at Salamis. Frustrations at Salamis Offensively-minded, Themistocles understood that the smaller Greek fleet could negate the Persian advantage in numbers by fighting in the confined waters around the island. As the Athenian navy formed the larger component of the allied fleet, he was able to successfully lobby for remaining. Needing to deal with the Greek fleet before pressing on, Xerxes initially sought to avoid fighting in the narrow waters around the island. A Greek Trick Aware of discord among the Greeks, Xerxes began moving troops towards the isthmus with the hope that the Peloponnesian contingents would desert Themistocles in order to defend their homelands. This too failed and the Greek fleet remained in place. To promote the belief that the allies were fragmenting, Themistocles began a ruse by sending a servant to Xerxes claiming that Athenians had been wronged and wished to switch sides. He also stated that the Peloponnesians intended to depart that night. Believing this information, Xerxes directed his fleet to block the Straits of Salamis and those of Megara to the west. Moving to Battle While an Egyptian force moved to cover the Megara channel, the bulk of the Persian fleet took up stations near the Straits of Salamis. In addition, a small infantry force was moved to the island of Psyttaleia. Placing his throne on the slopes of Mount Aigaleos, Xerxes prepared to watch the coming battle. While the night passed without incident, the following morning a group of Corinthian triremes was spotted moving northwest away from the straits. Fleets Commanders Greeks ThemistoclesEurybiades366-378 ships Persians XerxesArtemisiaAriabignes600-800 ships Fighting Begins Believing that the allied fleet was breaking up, the Persians began moving towards the straits with the Phoenicians on the right, the Ionian Greeks on the left, and other forces in the center. Formed in three ranks, the Persian fleets formation began to disintegrate as it entered the confined waters of the straits. Opposing them, the allied fleet was deployed with the Athenians on the left, the Spartans on the right, and other allied ships in the center. As the Persians approached, the Greeks slowly backed their triremes, luring the enemy into the tight waters and buying time until the morning wind and tide (Map). Greeks Victorious Turning, the Greeks quickly moved to the attack. Driven back, the first line of Persian triremes was pushed into the second and third lines causing them to foul and for the organization to further break down. In addition, the beginning of a rising swell led the top-heavy Persian ships to have difficulty maneuvering. On the Greek left, the Persian admiral Ariabignes was killed early in the fighting leaving the Phoenicians largely leaderless. As the fighting raged, the Phoenicians were the first to break and flee. Exploiting this gap, the Athenians turned the Persian flank. In the center, a group of Greek ships managed to push through the Persian lines cutting their fleet in two. The situation for the Persians worsened through the day with the Ionian Greeks being the last to flee. Badly beaten, the Persian fleet retreated towards Phalerum with the Greeks in pursuit. In the retreat, Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus rammed a friendly ship in an effort to escape. Watching from afar, Xerxes believed that she had sunk a Greek vessel and allegedly commented, My men have become women, and my women men. Aftermath Losses for the Battle of Salamis are not known with certainty, however, it is estimated that the Greeks lost around 40 ships while the Persians lost around 200. With the naval battle won, Greek marines crossed and eliminated the Persian troops on Psyttaleia. His fleet largely shattered, Xerxes ordered it north to guard the Hellespont. As the fleet was necessary for the supply of his army, the Persian leader also was forced to retreat with the bulk of his forces. Intending to finish the conquest of Greece the following year, he left a sizable army in the region under the command of Mardonius. A key turning point of the Persian Wars, the triumph of Salamis was built upon the following year when the Greeks defeated Mardonius at the Battle of Plataea.

These 7 jobs require very little experience

These 7 jobs require very little experience Maybe you’re desperate for a job and have had trouble finding one that fits your life. Maybe you’re fresh out of high school with a very short resume. Maybe you’re looking for a career change and want something totally new. The trouble is, everything out there is asking for â€Å"3-5 years† experience and you have none. You ask yourself how you’re supposed to get that experience without getting hired first†¦ and then you beat your head against your desk. Don’t despair! Here are 7 perfectly respectable jobs that will hire you with little-to-no experience. Some will give you on-the-job training and some will ask you to take a course before you begin, but all you can approach as a newbie.1. Delivery PersonIf you can drive and possess a valid license and a clean driving record, you can deliver. Most delivery jobs only require a high school diploma (or equivalent) to get started. Though this job can be tiring and physically demanding, you can expect to make an average of $13 an hour and work flexible hours.2. Bill CollectorAs long as you have your high school diploma or equivalent and a good phone manner, you could make an hourly rate of more than $15 an hour by working for third-party collection agencies. Most organizations do not require prior experience and offer on-the-job training.3. BartenderYou’ll probably need to attend some sort of bartending school, but once you do, you can make great money (an average of $10/hr, but before tips) making and serving drinks.4. School Bus DriverIf you have a clean driving (and criminal) record and the patience to hang out with children two times a day, then you can make an average of $15/hr driving them to and from school. This job might even come with decent benefits in some school districts.5. Real Estate BrokerThis one will take a little start-up money and a lot of legwork to get started, but can be a great career path. All you need is to take a course and pass a test t o get your license. Then there’s another test to become a full-fledged broker on your own. But you can work for yourself, design your own hours, and make a national average of $56k per year.6. Human Resources AssistantGain your own experience behind the scenes at a company by working for an HR department. Good administrative skills and customer service manner are very helpful, but in many places you’ll only really need a high school diploma or equivalent beyond those basic skills. The money is decent (national average is $15/hr) and you have the opportunity to work your way up the ladder.7. Library TechYes, libraries are still a thing. And being a librarian takes years of school and multiple degrees, but being a library technician  usually doesn’t. Assist the head librarians in organizing, ordering new materials, shelving books and magazines, and helping patrons. You’ll want to buff up on your people and computer skills, but otherwise you’ll only need your diploma in many places to get hired and make an average of $14/hr.

Micro26isa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Micro26isa - Essay Example In this respect, the firms only have the option of working with the prevailing price or lower. This constitutes what taking price is. There are various assumptions that compel the firms in this market to take prices. Sellers and buyers are many and any action towards increasing prices will only worsen sales through migration of buyers. Products are homogeneous and change of price will only divert buyers to get the same products from other firms selling at the prevailing or lower prices. These assumptions play a significant role in pushing firms to take the market prices or fail. Some of the industries with such assumptions include clothing and textile, Cosmetics, electrical and electronics industry among others. Some industries like medicine and drugs, energy among others cannot accommodate these assumptions hence exhibit other market structures. 2. Shut-down Point for a Firm (20 points) When will the competitive firm shut down in the short run? When will it incur a loss but continue to produce? Draw a graph showing each scenario and explain. It is important to note that shut down point is the level of output and price where the firm can just cover its total variable cost. Some of the key issues to consider in determining this point include; relative position of the average variable cost which is always at its minimum for this condition. Where the marginal cost curve crosses the average variable cost curve also sums up to shut down of the firm. At this point, the producer is indifferent between producing and temporarily shutting down. The firm incurs a loss from either action. In the event that market prices fall below the firm’s average variable cost, temporary shutdown is preferable in the short run. In case the firm continues to produce, losses from its operation merely add to losses that results from the firm’s fixed costs and shut down will lead to slump in losses. Figure 1 : Shut down when P < AVC ATC Price MC AVC P = MR Quantity A price tak ing firm that intends to remain operational will minimize losses or maximize profit if it will be able to produce the output level at the point where P = MC and variable costs are also covered. In this case, the portion of the firm’s short run marginal cost curve which lies above its average variable cost becomes the short-run curve of the firm. Figure 2: retrieved on May 13, 2013 from: http://www.analystnotes.com/notes/subject.php?id=119 Considering the grahp above, in case the price is below P1, the firm should shut down its operation. Long-Run Cost Curve, Economies of Scale, and Firm Size (15 points, 5 points each) A. Explain how economies of scale and the long-run cost curve influence firm size and firm concentration. The theoretical presentation starts with the short-run and shows the average cost curves (Total, fixed and variable) along with the marginal cost. The curves are presented in Figure 1 MC ATC cost in $ AVC AFC Quantity Figure 1. Short-run unit cost curves: ma rginal cost (MC), average total cost (ATC), average variable cost (AVC) and average fixed cost (AFC). The short-run cost curves are normally based on a production function with one variable factor of production that displays first increasing and then decreasing marginal productivity. Increasing marginal productivity is associated with the negatively sloped portion of the marginal cost curve, while decreasing marginal productivity is associated with the positively sloped port

Heat and mass transfer calculation for carbon capture pilot plant Assignment

Heat and mass transfer calculation for carbon capture pilot plant - Assignment Example The calculations show that with increase in the flow rate of both streams the temperature drop of the hot stream increased steadily. On the other hand, the temperature rise of the cold stream decreased substantially. The clear jacket allowed the observation that the jacket was continuously full at all times and because neither stream had any color, it was not possible to notice whether the turbulence of the two streams changed at all. In future experiments it might be a good idea to introduce a small stream of dye into both streams to observe turbulence. However, this would lead to a change in the mass flow rate and more importantly in the specific heat capacity, which would have to be accounted for in subsequent calculations. Important findings of this experiment are that the thermal efficiency of the plate and frame heat exchanger is better than that of the concentric tube heat exchanger and secondly, with the increase in flow rate the efficiency improved only marginally. This is perhaps because with the multiple pass arrangement where the two streams changed direction frequently an element of turbulence was already present that did not change much with the change in flow rates. However, the observations taken are too few to arrive at this conclusion with confidence. Important findings of this experiment are that the thermal efficiency of the plate and frame heat exchanger is comparable to that of the concentric tube heat exchanger but lower than that of the plate and frame heat exchanger. Secondly, with the increase in flow rate of the cold stream the efficiency improved marginally. In this case again, the conclusion can be that the design allows for introducing greater turbulence in the shell-side stream through the baffles

Chicken Chunks Essay Example for Free

Chicken Chunks Essay I have designed the layout of my advert so that when it is broadcast simultaneously across all childrens television networks, and depicted in colour advertisements in all childrens magazines universally, certain aspects will stand out and be immortalised in the memory of children. The Chicken Chunks slogan at the top of the page is in large, bold writing and has golden wings, and the way I have ingeniously positioned the box in the middle of the advertisement shows all children what the product they will soon be rushing to their local retailer to buy looks like. I chose the title Chicken Chunks initially for the way that no other product presently or previously on the market remotely resembles it, but I quickly realised that the title was also an excellent way of helping the children to remember the products name because it uses alliteration. It is not proven, but it is widely accepted, that using alliteration greatly improves the chances of committing the name from your short to long term memory banks, thereby making the name of Chicken Chunks much more memorable. This will be especially effective considering that the target audience for our advertising campaign is very young. I also used clear, bold writing so that the text I placed upon my advert can be easily read and understood by a young child. I think my advert will be extremely successful at cornering the market for childrens microwavable meals in minutes in the UK and across the globe. It will happen not only because of the excellent marketing strategy I have devised to thrust my product into the consumer world with alarming speed, but also by the way kids choose food these days not only to suit their nutritional needs, but as a lifestyle choice. The words Chicken Chunks will be synonymous with the epitome of cool for all children under eleven. Chicken Chunks will be the embodiment of young culture and will soon be flying from the supermarket shelves as if moving of their own volition.

World Politics: American Hegemony Essay -- The US as Global Hegemon

UNITED STATES POWER Whenever world politics is mentioned, the state that appears to be at the apex of affairs is the United States of America, although some will argue that it isn’t. It is paramount we know that the international system is shaped by certain defining events that has lead to some significant changes, particularly those connected with different chapters of violence. Certainly, the world wars of the twentieth century and the more recent war on terror must be included as defining moments. The warning of brute force on a potentially large scale also highlights the vigorousness of the cold war period, which dominated world politics within an interval of four decades. The practice of international relations (IR) was introduced out of a need to discuss the causes of war and the different conditions for calm in the wake of the first world war, and it is relevant we know that this has remained a crucial focus ever since. However, violence is not the only factor capable of causing interrupt ion in the international system. Economic elements also have a remarkable impact. The great depression that happened in the 1920s, and the global financial crises of the contemporary period can be used as examples. Another concurrent problem concerns the environment, with the human climate being one among different number of important concerns for the continuing future of humankind and the planet in general. In this paper, I will argue that the current system is hegemonial. My explanation to hegemony will then be centered on the sources of the United States as a hegemonial power. Furthermore, I will state the different primary implications associated with the rise of China and what the Roman Empire offers for understanding the United Sta... ... The Costs of US Hegemony: Military Power, Military Spending, and US Trade Performance. Sage. http://rrp.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/content/31/4/32.full.pdf+html R. Bruce Hitcher. (2008). Globalization Avant La Lettre: Globalization and the History of the Roman Empire. New Global Studies: Vol. 2: Iss. 2, Article 2. Susan V. Lawrence, Michael F. Martin. (2013). Understanding China’s Political System. Congressional Research Services. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf The Rise of China and the Future of the West. (2008, January 1). Retrieved from http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63042/g-john-ikenberry/the-rise-of-china-and-the-future-of-the-west Wei-Wei Zhang. (2004). The Implications of the Rise of China. Foresight, Vol. 6 Iss: 4, P. 223 – 226. http://www.emeraldinsight.com.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/journals.htm?articleid=874264

Comparison Between Comercial Arable Farming in Canada and Guyana Essay

Commercial arable farming is a system of farming carried out on a very large scale, it is the extensive cultivation of usually one crop for sale in order for large profits (Monoculture). Some examples of crops that are associated with commercial arable farming are tobacco in Cuba, sugarcane in Barbados and Cotton in India. Guyana, a Caribbean territory located between Venezuela and Suriname in South America practices arable farming on a large scale. Their crop/product for export is lumber, simply because forests are the most abundant resource in Guyana. They cover about 80% of the country. These forests range from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to evergreen rainforests. These trees (which the lumber comes from) grow in the forests areas which are located mainly to the northwest of the territory where Guyana receives majority of its rainfall due to the ITCZ and other weather conditions. Some species of lumber produced by Guyana are; * Greenheart- used for the construction of houses, jetties, bridges etc. * Purpleheart- floors and ceilings * Wallaba- charcoal, firewood and electricity poles * Mora- houses * Crabwood- furniture * Balata- used in handicraft and golf balls. Commercial Arable farming in Guyana is very important. It comes with a lot of benefits for both the country and the people. Some benefits and importance of Guyana’s forest industry include; * Employment: Since the forest industry is progressing on such a large scale it creates a high demand for employment. Persons get jobs in that sector very easily with a descent pay. * Foreign exchange and contribution to the GDP: With a successful forest industry Guyana will get a steady flow of income contributing to the country’s GDP. Exports of lumber to other countries are plentiful bringing more revenue. Reduces soil erosion and landslides: with so many trees planted, Guyana will have less soil erosion due to heavy rainfall. The tree roots will hold the soil together. * Ecosystems: the forest areas of Guyana are home to many rear species of plants. These need be protected and cherished for years to come. * Medicines research and scientific study: scientists and herbalist are able to scrutinize plants to develop new medication and conduct indebt scientific study. * Improves water supply: Trees have been shown to influence the flow of water. Trees reduce topsoil erosion by catching precipitation with their leaf canopies. This lessens the force of storms and slows down water runoff which in turn ensures that our groundwater supplies are continually being replenished. * Linkage Industry: Other industries and businesses may rely on the forestry industry in order for their progression. In every industry there are challenges that are faced. Examples of challenges faced by the forestry industry in Guyana are: * Technology- lumbering companies are not technologically advanced so they use old technology. In order to address this more advanced tools and equipments should be introduced to improve efficiency. Manpower- the industry has a shortage of skilled workers with great knowledge on the tasks and forestry. To improve this training can be done to improve and expand employee’s knowledge. * Sustainability- steps should be taken to preserve and conserve the forest resources. Unfortunately Guyana lacks the data needed for proper forest management. * Over exploitation-An increasing global demand, logging is taking place more frequent than trees can grow. Good management strategies and farming techniques are essential to ensure that the industry progresses. Diseases-Good forest management, regular spraying is needed to minimize diseases. The Guyanese governments are unable to fund and undertake such measures. Canada  is a North American country consisting of 10 provinces and 3 territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It also practices arable farming. Canada’s main crop for export is Wheat. In the early 1900’s the Prairie Provinces of Canada became a major wheat producing area and later one of the largest wheat exporters in the world. The Prairie Provinces are located between British Columbia and Ontario. Extending from the USA border into the territories of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatwan. This is because Canada has the right conditions for growing this crop. Some of these conditions are flat undulating land and the climate which is 500mm of rainfall annually which is sufficient for the ripening of the grain. Canada exports wheat to places such as USA, Europe, South America and the Caribbean. The Importance of the Wheat Industry in Canada; * The country receives a great Income and revenue because of the large amount of wheat exported. Jobs are created in this sector working in planting, harvesting, processing and shipping of the wheat. Some challenges faces in the wheat industry include: 1. Pesticides 2. Herbicides these all harm the development of the wheat plant 3. Fungicides 4. fertilizers 5. Bad weather- hail storms, frost during long winters affect the wheat 6. Fluctuation in world prices- some years in the past there is over production and excess wheat causes prices to fall. The opposite happens when there is a shortage in wheat. 7. Technology- New equipments to enhance work power. To address these challenges plants need to be sprayed to keep away bugs and pests. Weather should be monitored carefully daily. New machinery should be used in convenience and sufficiently. As shown in the above data, Canada and Guyana are completely different when talking about arable farming. They have different products but the same concept. Meaning that they sell the raw material and it is processed somewhere else to make something different (Linkage Industry). Arable farming clearly brings in a large part in there economy and has a big part of the GDP. They share similar challenges like technology.

Describe the spatial patterns and dimensions of one ecosystem at risk, and analyse the negative impacts of human activity on this ecosystem Essay

Describe the spatial patterns and dimensions of one (1) ecosystem at risk, and analyse the negative impacts of human activity on this ecosystem. One ecosystem at risk that has been studied is the coral reef; The Great Barrier Reef is located off the East coast of Northern Queensland. It stretches approximately 2300km from Papua New Guinea to Fraser Island. Overall the Great Barrier Reef system covers an area of over 348,000km2 making a vast, very complex ecosystem. There is a long history of human activity and use on and of the Great Barrier Reef. Negative impacts on the Great Barrier Reef include climate change, oil spills, tourism, overfishing, land clearing, sewage and waste disposal, coral harvesting and dredging and sand mining. Climate change has impacted Northern Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef as it increases in sea temperature, increases in average sea level, has a change in rainfall patterns. It changes the ocean currents and circulation, which has an increase in El Nino events which cause extreme weather and can damage the reef and cause a large amount of run off from the land, causing turbidity, lowering of salinity on the reef and increased amount of sediment. Extreme weather conditions can also increase the CO2 levels which can also change the chemical structure of the Great Barrier Reef causing coral bleaching. On-going climate change will have and has already caused many consequences for the Great Barrier Reef. This change will and has directly impacted many species of fish, invertebrate, mammals and birds along with many aquatic and terrestrial plants. There are also substantial impacts on the functioning of the reef. The biggest concern about climate change and the Great Barrier Reef is the rise in sea temperature which will affect the movement of water around the reef and the nutrient cycle on the reef which also means the chemical structure which will be altered because of the increased amount of CO2 dissolved into the water. With this and the rising sea levels, may be enough to destroy the reef, collapsing of the reef ecosystem. Recreational fishing is also a common past-time on the reef. When boats anchor on the reef, the heavy metal anchors damage the reefs coral formations and dredge up the sea grass bed. These boats are also a source of pollution through oil and oil spills, rubbish and sewage. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority estimates that around 6000 large commercial ships transit through the Great Barrier Reef each year. These ships can carry anything from grain, minerals, bulk cargo (such as cars) and oil. Luckily there has not been a major oil spill on the reef. Ships also have the potential to bring with them feral aquatic species by releasing ballast water which is used to balance the ship containing these aquatic animals. Commercial fishing or overfishing has been an important economic activity for Queensland’s coastal communities. Unsustainable fishing practices in the past have left many areas of the Great Barrier Reef with decreased fish stocks. While many areas of the Great Barrier Reef are now off limits to commercial fishers, various areas of the reef can still be fished. Local fishermen are now no longer a major threat to the reef as they understand the need to protect the area’s fish stocks. However, the reef still remains threatened by illegal fishing, which is often carried out by foreign fishing trawlers, and by unsustainable recreational fishing. Tourism is one of the most important industries in Northern Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef being ranked twelfth on the ‘Wonders of the World’ list brings a lot of tourism to Australia and especially far North Queensland. The economic value of the Great Barrier Reef exceeds more than $4 billion a year. In 2005, over 1.8 million tourists visited the reef. Research conducted by the James Cook University in Cairns has shown that tourism has five main impacts on the reef ecosystem; these are coastal tourism development, island-based tourism, marine based tourism, water-based activities and wildlife interactions. Coastal tourism development is explained as tourists mainly visit and stay at mainland Hotels, Motels and Resorts, where this places a strain on coastal environments, including estuarine river systems. Island-based tourism is the growth of tourism on islands throughout the Great Barrier Reef, which creates problems associated with sewage and rubbish discharges. Marine based tourism is where tourist boat companies make thousands of journeys out to the Great Barrier Reef each year, which brings rubbish and a potential for oil spills. These boats also require mooring points or anchor points on the reef which can destroy the coral. Water-based activities for explain diving and snorkelling are the most popular water-based activities on the reef. Most divers are very careful and usually cause no damage to the corals. However, studies have shown that a small proportion of divers swim too close to the corals, breaking them. The more fragile corals are susceptible to this. Wildlife interactions is the interactions with aquatic animals that live on the reef, most tourism operators are very careful to ensure tourists are well informed and to be strict with these rules and make sure that the tourists do not get too close to the wild animals that live on the reef, However, once again research shows that there are still a small portion of operators and tourists that are careless and disrupt wildlife which can impact on breeding cycles and natural interactions. Other impacts of tourism on the Great Barrier Reef include trampling of coral. This is a common occurrence where people walk on the reefs and the coral that become exposed at low tide. Souveniring of coral, shells and other elements of the reef ecosystem was also a major problem. In the past tourists and some commercial traders took large amounts of materials such as corals, mostly from the inner reef, which has now been constituted as being illegal unless the collector is correctly licensed. There are 26 major river systems that flow into the waters of the Great Barrier Reef from mainland Queensland. Approximately 25% of the land area of Queensland drains onto the reef. This runoff represents a major impact on the reef. Coastal development on land adjacent to the reef is expanding rapidly. Tourist developments such as those found between Cairns and Port Douglas, result in large amounts of land that is being cleared. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has information and research that the clearing of wetlands is another major issue impacting on the sustainability of the reef. Intertidal wetlands provide important habitats and nurseries for many of thousands of species that liv eon or near the reef. These wetlands also hold a large amount of water reducing the amount of fresh water the Great Barrier Reef receives each year which keeps salinity levels stable. Aquaculture is becoming a more popular form of commercial farming. Prawns, a number of fish species and pearl and edible oysters are commercially farmed throughout the Great Barrier Reef and in ponds near or next to the reef. These farms can sometimes release chemicals and diseases that impact and cause damage to the other species of aquatic life on the reef which can also cause pollution. Conventional agriculture on the coastal plain adjacent to the reef has been of great concern for reef ecologists and marine biologists. The use of chemical fertilisers in the farming areas of the reef can increase nutrients that promote algae growth. The algae can and already has been smothering the reef which causes a decrease in light penetration for the corals to perform photosynthesis to grow. A type of agriculture that can dramatically harm the reef includes land clearing which results in the erosion of topsoil and an increase in turbidity levels in the water. There are a large number of negative impacts on the ecosystem at risk studied, but the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, along with other smaller groups including the Aboriginal Culture have been enforcing a number of ways to protect and create awareness to tourists, fishers and all people on or visiting the reef or surroundings to keep the ecosystem as stable as they can.

75 Synonyms for Hard

75 Synonyms for Hard 75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard† 75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard† By Mark Nichol It’s easy to write about how hard something is, because so many synonyms exist for that vague word and its more formal cousin difficult. Many of these terms are somewhat interchangeable (that’s why they call them synonyms), but even then, the senses are often slightly distinct; do a little more research on usage when you find a promising variation for that abstract (or is it abstruse?) phrasing you’re attempting to finesse. 1. Abstract: disassociation from a practical reference that would aid in comprehension 2. Abstruse: difficult because of technical considerations 3. Arduous: great physical exertion 4. Augean: unpleasantly, overwhelmingly hard (a classical reference to the Augean stables, cleaned by Hercules as one of his legendary twelve labors) 5. Backbreaking: tiring and often dispiriting physical effort 6. Bruising: physically wearing and damaging 7. Brutal: unpleasantly difficult 8. Burdensome: physically or emotionally difficult 9. Challenging: requiring special effort; may have a positive or a negative sense depending on context 10. Complex: difficult because of multiple interrelated factors 11. Complicated: see complex 12. Convoluted: see complex; with an additional connotation of twisting or intertwining 13. Cruel: marked by uncompromising difficulty that disregards the worker’s welfare 14. Daunting: inspiring a feeling of great difficulty 15. Demanding: suggestive of a great commitment of time and effort 16. Distressing: causing emotional anguish 17. Effortful: requiring effort 18. Elusive: difficult to comprehend, or evasive 19. Exacting: requiring meticulous attention to detail, or requiring relentless effort 20. Exhausting: difficult in terms of physical or mental exertion 21. Formidable: discouraging because of expected difficulty; also has a positive connotation of impressiveness 22. Frustrating: producing feelings of hopelessness or defeat 23. Grievous: causing pain or suffering 24. Grim: evidencing unyielding difficulty or severity; can also mean â€Å"grim,† â€Å"gloomy,† or â€Å"sinister† 25. Grueling (also spelled gruelling): requiring unrelenting or extreme effort 26. Hairy: difficult (informal) 27. Harsh: excessively difficult 28. Heavy: involving great effort 29. Herculean: suggestive of great difficulty 30. Inhuman: so difficult as to seem beyond human capability 31. Insoluble: seemingly too difficult to be solved or resolved 32. Intimidating: so difficult that the task or prospect inspires fear or hopelessness 33. Intricate: see complex 34. Involved: see convoluted 35. Knotty: see convoluted 36. Labored: requiring wearying physical or mental exertion 37. Laborious: see labored 38. Merciless: marked by effort that seems to be required with no regard for the welfare of the worker 39. Moiling: requiring much effort 40. Murderous: suggestive of risk of physical or mental harm (informal) 41. Onerous: see burdensome 42. Opaque: difficult because of a lack of clarity or communication 43. Oppressive: harshly difficult 44. Overwhelming: too hard to do or bear without suffering 45. Painful: causing physical or mental discomfort or harm 46. Pick-and-shovel: suggestive of great manual effort 47-48. Problematic/problematical: difficulty in solving a problem 49. Punishing: difficulty heedless of consequences of physical or mental strain 50. Recondite: difficult to comprehend because of obscurity or the need to possess more knowledge 51. Rigid: inflexibly difficult 52. Rigorous: difficulty caused by conditions of inflexibility or requirements of great precision 53. Rugged: suggestive of conditions requiring strength and stamina 54. Serious: requiring a great deal of effort 55. Severe: difficult because of the nature of requirements or constraints or because of the need to expend great effort 56. Spiny: replete with difficulties 57. Sisyphean: suggestive of relentless, repetitive toil (a classical reference to Sisyphus, tormented in Hades by having to repeatedly roll a boulder up a hill, then retrieve it when it rolls down again) 58. Stiff: see rigid 59. Strenuous: see arduous 60. Stressful: so difficult as to cause tension or nervousness 61. Strict: difficult especially because of standards imposed 62. Stringent: see strict 63. Stubborn: persistently difficult 64. Sweaty: suggestive of great physical exertion, causing perspiration 65. Tall: see formidable (informal) 66. Taxing: see burdensome 67. Testing: calling for great effort, as if to test one’s abilities 68. Thorny: see spiny 69. Ticklish: difficult because of the problem’s sensitive nature 70. Tight: hard because of a lack of flexibility 71. Toilsome: see labored 72. Tough: physically or mentally demanding (informal) 73. Tricky: see ticklish 74. Trying: requiring great endurance 75. Uphill: see labored Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†One Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .Adverbs and Hyphens

15 Tactics To Boost Twitter Engagement Backed By Research

15 Tactics To Boost Twitter Engagement Backed By Research Imagine standing in a room full of people while presenting a speech. Now keep in mind, this is one of the best speeches you’ve ever given. It’s filled with creative ideas and useful information you know your audience will love. The only problem isnobody in the room is listening to you. Now imagine you are publishing content on Twitter. This is the best content you’ve ever produced. Except this time, no one is clicking on the link you provided or even bothering to look at the graphic you’ve designed for it. This is what the content marketing world likes to call engagement. When it comes to using Twitter, your job is to maximize engagement on every piece of content you send out. But how? By the end of this post, you will become a Twitter engagement mastermind. 15 Tactics To Boost Twitter Engagement Backed By Research1. Use Images To Increase Retweets By 150% In order for your audience to engage with your posts and click on your content, they need to actually see what you’re posting. One of the best ways to make your content stand out is by adding an image. Buffer found that sharing images on Twitter increases retweets by 150%. Including a large image with a short summary of text on Twitter is more visually appealing than a text-only post. In fact, research shows that users engaged at a rate 5X higher  when an image was included. Go forth engage your audience with these tactics https://t.co/CwTHAbcrsa pic.twitter.com/mhMfzzGjyp (@) August 14, 2016 Include an image in every post for 35% more retweets. Images can be anything from pictures and screenshots to mini infographics and charts. Make sure your visual is directly related to the content it’s tied with. Recommended Reading: How To Make The Best Social Media Images The Easy Way (+84 Free Images) 2. Use Memes and GIFs To Show Personality Aside from adding an image to your tweet, you can use memes and GIFs when publishing your content on Twitter. This adds a fun spin to your plain post and will be too irresistible for your audience to scroll past. â€Å"GIFs are a great way to showcase your brand's personality, stay trendy, and have fun† -HeyOrca. Twitter has made it easy to add GIFs by doing all the work for you within the tweet box. All you have to do is choose an appropriate GIF from the drop-down menu or search for a specific genre in the search box. Memes and GIFs are becoming extremely popular among top companies.  At , we’ve recently started using memes and GIFs on Twitter and have found that they receive far more likes and retweets than regular images. You had a hard week! Relax today...it can wait till Monday! pic.twitter.com/I7NyU9ON2A - (@) August 12, 2016 Use real-life pictures of employees to show a true look inside the company, versus internet memes, gives a personal feel and helps build the  story behind your brand. GIFs are a great way to promote special offers and events. Memes and GIFs help you connect with your fans and followers in a new way because they sometimes convey emotions much better than text or photos or even videos. Use the correct  sizing  for GIFs and memes and don't forget to add a witty caption. 3. Create Twitter Polls To Engage With Followers People are often willing to provide you their opinion- and this is especially true on social media networks. Twitter polls are  a great way to engage  your followers and obtain valuable information about your customer base.  It also shows your followers that you care about their opinions, which in turn helps to build trust and loyalty, further strengthening your brand identity and reputation. To create a Twitter Poll: Open your Twitter page on a web or mobile device, click the Tweet button in the top navigation bar. Click the Add poll icon located in the bottom left corner. Type your poll question into the main compose box. Insert your first poll option into the Choice 1 box, followed by your second poll option into the Choice 2 box. Click  + Add a choice  to add additional options to your poll. You can  have up to four options per poll. A poll automatically defaults to run for 1 day. You can change the duration of your poll by clicking 1 day and adjusting the days, hours, and minutes.  The minimum amount of time for a poll is 5 minutes, and the maximum is 7 days. Click Tweet to post the poll. We recently ran a poll  asking our followers the burning question of how to pronounce the word "GIF." To our surprise, we received an overwhelming amount of responses. We have to ask! How is the word "Gif" pronounced? - (@) June 16, 2016 Keep your poll questions short and sweet. Your audience is more likely to respond when you keep your poll simple. Ask questions about your services, products, and brand in general. Be sure to mix in a fun Twitter poll every now and then about an office debate or what color to use for you next blog post. Store a list of potential Twitter poll questions and post a new poll every week for consistency. 4. Participate In Twitter Chats To Promote Your Brand A great way to build engagement for your brand is to communicate with people who are interested in similar products or topics. Instead of posting Tweets or sending direct messages, you can have conversations using Twitter chats. What is a Twitter chat?  It's a conversation around one unique hashtag. This hashtag allows you to follow the discussion and participate in it. Twitter chats are usually recurring and on specific topics to regularly connect people with these interests. Participating in Twitter chats allows you to have real-time conversations with hundreds of different users while promoting your expertise and building your authority  on a topic. Be on the lookout for different hashtags to find Twitter chats relevant to your brand. From there, all you need to do is join in on the conversation happening and include the hashtag. A6 Being present! Make sure you're involved with your twitter account everyday sharing content that's worth looking at #ContentWritingChat - (@) August 2, 2016 The goal of joining Twitter chats is to gain  interest in your brand from Twitter users who aren’t part of your follower base yet. 67% of Twitter users are far more likely to buy from the brands they follow  on Twitter. Choose a Twitter chat that is relevant and beneficial to participate in. Look to leading brands  in your industry and reach out to them to co-host with you to expand your network. 5. Host Twitter Chats To Reach A Larger Audience Once you get the hang of participating in Twitter chats, you can choose to host your own. Here are a few key points from Buffer  to keep in mind before jumping into your own Twitter chat: Decide on a clear and brief hashtag that represents your brand. Choose a day and time that you can consistently hold Twitter chats. Come up with an appropriate topic and questions. Plan and promote your chat via Twitter. Make sure you choose a topic that is relevant to your audience. If you are a content marketer, choose a topic relating to social media, SEO, marketing, or something similar. Before beginning your chat, asks everyone to introduce themselves and where they are tweeting from. Engaging with your participants is the most important part of hosting a Twitter chat. After asking each question, reply to a few responses to remain in the loop. Recommended Reading: How To Use A Twitter Chat To Grow Your Audience And Gain Trust 6. Pin Tweets To Boost Your Best Content Do you have an awesome Tweet you want all of your followers to see? You can pin tweets to your profile that will remain on the top of your page until you removed the pin. It’s a simple tactic with big results to boost engagement. Just select the tweet you want pinned, click the â€Å"...† icon, and then click Pin to your profile page. Pin a Tweet that has an eye catching image to boost retweets by 35%. A pinned tweet is similar to an ad, except you don’t have to pay for it. Take advantage of this free advertisement by having a strong call to action. Include a URL in your pinned tweet to receive 86% more engagement. Pin tweets to boost your best content.7. Use Standalone Graphics To Share Information By now, we all know that using images in tweets will increase engagement, but what about adding an image without any links? We tested this theory out on our Twitter page and found that in fact, it does have a positive affect! Not just any random image, but a standalone graphic. Don't forget to take care of the little guy pic.twitter.com/x8YQ4Loq4q - (@) August 22, 2016 A standalone graphic is an image that gives useful information on its own without needing a link back to something. For our standalone graphics, we give tidbits of information and quotes from well-known marketers. Research shows that posting a standalone graphic with a quote increases retweets by 19%.   Use a graphic with text that gives quick information to your followers. Grab small pieces of information from your blog posts to put in your standalone graphic. Use tools like Canva to create a standalone graphic. Recommended Reading: How To Design The Best Blog Graphics With Free Tools And Design Theory 8. Social Listening Helps Build Loyalty â€Å"Research shows that customer emotions become permanent with time. It’s best for an effective intervention to take place as close to the experience as possible,† says Baba Shiv, Stanford Professor of Marketing at Stanford’s Graduate School of Business. When users respond to your posts on Twitter or mention your business name, respond quickly. If you don’t, then it’s going to seem like you’re not very active on your own Twitter page- or you simply don’t care. It’s been found that 72% of people who complain on Twitter expect a response within an hour  so it’s your priority to respond as fast as possible. Our team uses the Mention app to respond to our followers quickly and efficiently.  Mention is monitored several times throughout the day by our team to ensure each and every person is responded to promptly. Many of our followers have questions that need urgent answers, so it’s important to reach out to them to resolve the issue. Or to simply thank your followers for sharing your content. Your followers will be much more likely to post comments if they know that you are reading them and that you will respond to them in a helpful manner. Use first names when you are responding. Addressing your followers in this way makes them feel more appreciated- not to mention that people love to be acknowledged. Small gestures like these help to build loyalty. If you respond right away, there’s a chance that the conversation will continue since they may still be on your page. 9. Curate Content To Increase Traffic Are you only tweeting your own content? Sharing the content of others is one of the best ways to show that you’re not all about you, and that you value the work of others enough to share it on your own Twitter feed. One report found that 82% of marketers curate content. At , we curate our content with our Chrome extension tool  for fast curation that can be schedule ahead of time. Curating content is a widely known tactic for a reason because it works. Over 50% of marketers that curate content indicate that it has increased their brand visibility, thought leadership, SEO, web traffic and buyer engagement.  Next time you post on Twitter, mix in a few curated pieces along with your usual content to increase engagement among your followers to expand their experience. Find the best content, the content you enjoyed, the content your audience members are sharing and talking about, the content that is actually helpful. Connect with influencers. You’re going to be sharing content by the leaders in your industry, opening the doors to communicating with them. Plan your curated content ahead of time for consistency. 10. Use Hashtags To Double Engagement Twitter didn’t invent the hashtag (#), but it certainly popularized it with the masses. Hashtags are proven to double your engagement rate and help users to easily search for a topic or trend on Twitter. They are a great way to join in a conversation already happening or organize a conversation, like a Twitter chat. Hashtags identify the subject of your content, making it easier for Twitter users to stumble across your page when searching for similar subjects. Because of this, using hashtags is an incredible way to boost social media engagement among both followers and non-followers since you’re making your content more visible. A good hashtag is memorable, unique, and relevant to your content. Try not to use more than two hashtags per post to avoid being annoying. Always use a hashtag when participating in or hosting a Twitter chat. Recommended Reading: How To Use Hashtags Effectively Without Being Annoying 11. Use Video in Tweets For A 28% Boost While images perform better than text, Twitter users love videos. 82% of users watch video content on Twitterthat’s a big number!  Simon Rodgers found that adding a video to your tweet will give you a 28% boost in engagement. You have 10 seconds to win over your followers. According to research by Visible Measures, 20% of your viewers will click away from a video in 10 seconds or fewer. Promote and educate your followers about your brand using video. Adding in a weekly tip to your page is a sure way to engage with new followers. Include people around your office in Twitter videos to give a personal touch to your followers. Use video in tweets for a 28% engagement boost.12. Use Twitter Ads For Higher Click-Through Rates If you’re looking for a fast and guaranteed way to boost Twitter engagement, than Twitter Ads are something to look into, especially if you don’t have a lot of followers to engage with. To set up Twitter Ads: Choose between promoted tweets and promoted accounts. According to Hubspot, promoting tweets will allow your tweets to appear in users’ Twitter streams or in Twitter search results, whereas promoting your account will display your username under the â€Å"Who to Follow† section in users’ homepages. Choose your target audience.  You can target a specific audience based on demographics and psychographics. Targeting the right audience will ensure that your ads are seen by the right people who would benefit from your brand. Create your tweets.  Now that you've chosen what type of ads you want and the type of audience to target, you can begin creating your tweets.  You can either select from existing tweets in your account, or create new ones from scratch. Be sure to assign your Twitter ad campaign a daily budget and maximum spend limit before setting it live. Low Twitter follower count? Try running Twitter ads.Recent studies have found that Twitter ads consistently deliver higher click-through rates  (even higher than Facebook ads). Plan ahead by choosing a Twitter ad campaign that fits your brand's goals. Use interest targeting and keywords to target the right audience for the best results. Create visually appealing images for your Twitter ads to reach more people and boost engagement. 13. Tweet At The Best Times The number of people you engage with is directly related to followers viewing your tweets. In order to maximize engagement, you must post at the best possible times. After doing some research on 10 different studies about the best times to post on social media, studies show a few ways to make every tweet get a little more engagement: Wednesdays at 12 p.m. and 5-6 p.m. Mondays-Fridays at 12-3 p.m. and 5 p.m. Any day of the week from 2-3 a.m., 6-7 a.m., and 9-10 p.m. Use these times as a guideline. Test out different times and find out when your audience is the most active on Twitter. You can also check out Twitter Analytics to see when your specific audience is most active. 14. Use Twitter Cards To Drive Traffic To Your Website You may be asking, "What are Twitter Cards?" Twitter Cards allow you to go beyond the  140-character limit and attach different forms of media. According to Forbes, they add visual interest through images, product info, videos, and other expanded content. All you have to do to get started with using the feature is add a couple lines of code to your site. Refer to our post on Social Media Optimization to get set up. There are seven distinct Twitter Cards to choose from: Gallery cards featuring a number of images Single photo cards Summary cards which let you post a link with further information Summary cards with images App cards Player cards which showcase videos Product cards Below is an example of a Summary Card which includes a title, description, thumbnail image, Twitter account attribution and a direct link to the content. Test different types of cards.  Every site is different, and Twitter Card analytics will help you measure which cards yield the most engagement with your content. Engage with Influencers.  Twitter Card analytics make it possible determine who is sharing your content with the most velocity - make sure to engage with these accounts to promote further interaction! Add a few lines of HTML to your webpage. Users who Tweet links to your content will have a â€Å"Card† added to the Tweet that’s visible to all of their followers. How can Twitter Cards improve your engagement?15. Use Emoticons To Increase Favorites By 57% Instead of having a plain block of text, consider breaking up the text with an emoticon. Emoticons show a certain element of playfulness that provides your brand with a bit of personality. In fact, statistics show that the using emoticons  will boost the share and comment rate of your posts, and can help increase favorites by as much as 57%.   Choose one or two emoticons per tweet. â€Å"Think of emojis as the ultimate elevator pitch for your business: you have one or two symbols to let people know exactly what value you’re bringing them with every Tweet.† Use emoticons when responding to your followers to add a personal touch and show appreciation. Emphasize specific parts of your tweet with a correlating emoticon to intensify engagement. What Twitter Engagement Tactics Work For You? Analyzing engagement rates allows you to see how much of an impression your brand is leaving on your audience. Look at engagement as a stepping stone that leads followers to view your website, subscribe to your newsletters, and purchase your product. Without engagement you will be tweeting to a black abyss. Building a strong relationship with your Twitter followers will bring forth high engagement. Implement these tactics the next time you post on Twitter and watch your engagement rate skyrocket.