Kamprad’s Resourcefulness: Ikea

1. Kamprad’s careful stewardship of resources exemplifies his abilities as a manager. By practicing frugalness and economy, he was able to maximize profits by keeping costs low while also being able to continually innovate his growing company. While to some he may appear frugal, he has created a nest egg for economic downturn and well as creating a strong ethic of financial stewardship within his organization. Planning and problem solving became both the framework for IKEA and its source for innovation.As a leader, Kamprad again instilled his own personal values into every fiber of IKEA. Effective cost cutting, hard work, and dedication. Aside from just cutting costs however, being influenced by the Bauhaus movement he also wanted to combine cost saving with a sense of style. (Chaundey, 2000) In addition, the welfare of his employees has been a main concern. (Nelson and Quick, 2011) I believe that Kamprad was (and is) a strong leader and manager for IKEA, and I believe that th ese principles will be carried on in his sons to future success in the marketplace. 2.The followership of employees within IKEA can be directly linked to the Leadership Grid in Fig. 12. 1. (Nelson and Quick, 2011) From the structure of the grid, Kamprad would be a 9,9. Kamprad’s leadership style calls upon and motivates the team members within the company to take initiative and a personal stake in the company. They are hiring not just into a job but into a lifestyle and way of thinking. The combination of careful stewardship with concern for employee welfare creates an environment that gives employees both a responsibility and a sense of community. Etzioni, 1960) Thus IKEA employees are empowered and feel like they are part of something. In this way IKEA ends up with a staff of active independent, critical thinking individuals. (Nelson and Quick, 2011) This overall will drive employees to greater creativity and productivity for the company they care for and cares for them. 3. The case does not give specifics about Kamprad’s actions as a transactional leader, although the narrative would lead one to believe that they style would be uncharacteristic of him. Although Kamprad’s traits as a transformational leader are unquestionable.Kamprad has given employees not just a goal but a way of living. (Davis, 2006) Kamprad himself dresses simply, eats at cheap restaurants and flies economy class. (Chaundey, 2000) Kamprad innovated and redefined ways of doing business repeatedly throughout his tenure as CEO of IKEA. From the mission statement of ‘create a better everyday life for the many people’, IKEA has been built upon a pioneering spirit. (Gowan, 2009) By designed a business plan that allowed IKEA to work directly between manufacturers and customers to keep costs low. ibid. ) By designing the flat boxes and shipping furniture to customers that they assembled themselves, Kamprad has been able to keep cost down. It is these business te chniques along with his uncompromising ethics that he has instilled into the company and led it to greatness. Kamprad’s charisma is a quiet sort largely involving a ‘lead by example’ technique. Employees are drawn to Kamprad because of his strong ethics and personal adherence to them. Kamprad’s philosophy is not just words at board meetings but the way he lives his life.This gives employees a stronger sense of connection with the boss, as he is still very close to his modest roots. The lack of title and privilege within IKEA also reinforces this. (Davis, 2006) References Chaundy, Bob (2000) IKEA’s self-assembled billionaire. BBC News. July 28, 2000 Retrieved from news. bbc. co. uk Davis, Paul (2006) Billionaire Attributes – Modesty: Ingvar Kamprad, Ikea’s Founder and Owner. Retrieved from ezinearticles. com Etzioni, Amitai (1960) Two Approaches to Organizational Analysis: A Critique and a Suggestion.Administrative Science Quarterly, Vo l. 5, No. 2 Gawor, Katarzyna; Halasova, Sona; Polzin, Friedemann (2009) International Business Strategy of IKEA – Activities of the Multinational Furniture Retailer. University of Economics Bratislava Nelson, D. & Quick, J. (2011). Organizational Behavior: Science, the RealWorld, and You. (7th Ed. ) Mason, OH: South Western. Cengage Learning. Etzioni, Amitai (1960) Two Approaches to Organizational Analysis: A Critique and a Suggestion. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2 Retrieved from www. amitaietzioni. org

Love at First Sight Essay

Some say that true love is based on physical appearance without a deeper understanding of a person does not exist. Others argue that one may be able to see true love immediately. Shakespeare puts a part of the play to this question. He makes reference to Romeo and Juliet as â€Å"crossed lovers†. In other words, the two lovers are manipulated by their future from the very beginning. Although not meant to be together, they may still love each other. Romeo first sees Juliet during her parents’ banquet. Romeo is completely in love with looks and not personality. His first love, Rosaline, does not return the favor of his love. Romeo becomes entirely depressed and love sick. He still insists that Rosaline is his one true love, even though she does not love him back. Romeo is very stubborn. Romeo is struck by Cupid’s arrow, when by chance, he meets Juliet. Instantly, Romeo and Juliet are attracted to each other, by Romeo’s words, and by Juliet’s looks. When Romeo first sees Juliet, he is completely astounded by her beauty. Without even knowing her name, Romeo’s eyes take complete control of his heart and mind, setting him in a helpless state of love. He questions whether he has loved before, and realizes that his previous loves have never been genuine. Romeo and Juliet did not take the time to get to know each other and form a deep intimate relationship. They rushed into their relationship. They were also very young to be experiencing love. Even people much older than them do not know what love means. It may have really been true love that was mutually felt by both of them though. Many people say that they have had experiences with true love but I do not think that true love exists in the real world, only in fairy tales and fiction stories. I do not think that you can fall in love until you are mature enough to understand what love really is. Many people fall in love to fast and end up being disappointed because of the way their future turns out. My opinion is, if you are going to spend your life with one person, make sure that the person is the only one you love.

History of the Olympic Games Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of the Olympic Games - Term Paper Example Zeus, an Olympic god, was said to be the father of humanity. Zeus is said to have fought a god known as Cronus in a struggle for the throne with other gods. The demigod, Heracles, staged games in Olympia in honor of Zeus. The games aimed at encouraging good relations among the cities of Greece and showing the physical qualities accomplished by the youth in Greece. The ultimate importance of the games was religion. During the first recorded Olympic Games, a nude runner, by the name Coroebus, won the sole event at the competition. He was a cook from Elis, a town in Greece. He competed in 210 yards or approximately 192 meters and became the first Olympics champion in the history. The ancient Olympic Game events continued to occur every four years for the next 1200 years. In 393, CE, Theodosius I, the Roman emperor, decided to abolish games, claiming they had pagan influences. Emperor Theodosius was a staunch Christian. About 1600 years later, Pierre Coubertin, a young French aristocrat, began to revive the games. Coubertin was born on January 1st, 1863. Coubertin was only seven when Germans overran the French. The period was known as the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. This young French aristocrat witnessed the defeat of French military and he attributed it to a lack of vigor. According to Coubertin, sports were among the motivating factors needed to have France regain its place. He concluded that Americans, Germans and the British did not have any superior education compared to the French. His proposal was not met with much enthusiasm. His persistence to get France interested in sports continued. He planned and founded a sports organization in 1890. The union named USFSA was launched, and two years later he pitched the idea to have the Olympic Games revived (IOC 10). The games mainly featured athletics. Later, chariot racing and combat were introduced as Olympic events. All conflicts occurring during the games were postponed until the events were completed. To many, the origin of the Olympics games is shrouded in mystery. Another myth suggested that the first games occurred in 775 BCE after some inscriptions were found in the city of Olympia. The ancient Olympic Games featured boxing, javelin, running and equestrian events. The myth concurs that Olympic Games had a fundamental religious importance. Another similarity with the earlier myth is that ritual sacrifices were offered in honor of Zeus which was a famous statue. The idol was a divine hero and an alleged god of Olympia. According to the Greek traditions, a four-year period was known as an Olympiad, which was a unit of time. This is said to be the source of Olympics (â€Å"Olympic Movement† 4). The Olympic Games became part of a cycle called Pan-Hellenic games. They included Isthmian, Pythain, and Nemean games. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the Olympics reached what was known as zenith. With the rise of the Roman Empire, the Olympic Games declined in terms of their importance. The Roman Empire gained power and influence over Greece. Emperor Theophilus II ordered the destruction of all Greek templates in 426 CE. This caused the Olympic Games to be officially ended. According to Coubertin, the revival of Olympics was necessary to bring peace and create friendship among nations. He planned and organized a meeting of seventy-nine delegates representing nine countries in just two years. The meeting was held in an auditorium decorated with neoclassical murals. In the

Software Application life-cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Application life-cycle - Research Paper Example It also depends upon the time and budget constraints of which of the life-cycle model will be appropriate to adapt. This paper will introduce and compare two of the life cycle models; the waterfall and the agile model. The models will be compared and analyzed in the context of the mobile software development project. This is to propose the most adequate model for a mobile software development project (Schach, 2010). Comparative Analysis of Life-Cycle Models The waterfall life cycle model is a sequential process model. It is a step-by-step development model starting from the initial design phase and ending to the completion phase (the maintenance phase) (Schach, 2010, p. 53). The phases of the model are interdependent on each other as the next phase begins only when the previous phase is ideally completed. Adapting waterfall model for the mobile software development project could be worth it as it may include the detailed stages of requirements analysis, design, and implementation, gi ving ideal completion to the mobile software (Munassar & Govardhan, 2010). Contrary to the waterfall model is the iterative incremental life cycle model, which is based on correspondence and integration (Bittner & Spence, 2006, p. 143). The iteration model leads a mobile project incrementally, which means that it has more compatibility that the waterfall method to adapt changes in the initial requirements’ stage. It is a reversible model looped to the adjusting and modifying code source requirements (Gomaa, 2011). The waterfall life cycle model is a more detailed and apprehensive model for mobile software development (Mall, 2009). It is a more comprehensive model than iteration to complete a mobile development project. However, it could be more expensive than the iteration model as it is less flexible to adapt changes. The rigidity of the model is what makes it a more complex model to adapt (Schach, 2010). Iterative incremental model is more flexible as compare to the waterfa ll model. More specifically, for the short term mobile projects, iteration model is supple to adapt. The mobile software development often requires changes in each development stage (Schach, 2010). Likewise, there are feedback inputs from stakeholders or users that could come at the beginning or at mid or ending stages of design and implementation. This requires incorporation of the design changes or requirements changes, on where iterative incremental model is more effective to adjust (Schach, 2010). Due to sequential rigidity, the waterfall life cycle model gives less space to the mobile clients. It gives less room to the customers to assert their initial requirements (Schach, 2010). On the other side, iterative incremental model gives much choice to users to put on their initial requirements. As the iterative model affords the low cost on changes or modification so it allows users to give major demands or requirements. This is how iteration model is more market oriented than wate rfall. It is a model which is customer focused than waterfall model (Gomaa, 2011). The waterfall lifecycle model can take more time than iteration model to complete a mobile software project (Munassar & Govardhan, 2010). Comparatively the waterfall model requires larger set of data than iteration in proceeding and completing a project. As each phase is more detailed and more apprehensive so it makes the waterfall model a time consuming model (Mall, 2009). Apart from all, iterative increme

Culture Change and Aspects of Culture Assignment

Culture Change and Aspects of Culture - Assignment Example In a very broad sense, culture is a cultivated behavior; that is the sum total of an individual's learned and accumulate experience which is hence socially transmitted, or behavior through the process of social learning. In light of the deeper aspect of culture, culture change can be defined as the gradual or sporadic modification of a society’s beliefs and values through the processes of innovation, discovery, or even external contact with other societies. Cultural change can hence be comprehensively defined as the dynamic phenomenon by which various cultures in the world are changing and modifying their usual and common code of conduct and behavior in order to adapt to the external or internal forces acting on the society (Steward, 1973). Culture change is a process that not only occurs at the basic societal level but also has been observed on a wider scope. It can be seen also in organizations such as businesses or educational institutions or any other group of people who may have developed and accumulated experiences and behavior patterns. As a result, culture change may require changes or a complete overhaul of organization practices, physical environments inter-personal relationships at all levels and even communication patterns. In analyzing the whole concept of culture, a question that rarely fails to come up is: what makes up culture? It is with answering this question that one can isolate the various aspects of culture, that is, the very basic elements that culture is comprised of. This hence gives rise to the concept of cultural awareness (Singh, 2009). Various numerous theories have been formulated on the elements that make up culture but similarities have been observed and it can be confidently put down that there are twelve main aspects of culture.  

Deductive Reasoning and Inductive Reasoning Essay

Deductive Reasoning and Inductive Reasoning - Essay Example It also accused a senior church official of knowingly endangering thousands of children by shielding accused priests for years. The Philadelphia district attorney brought sexual-assault charges against the priests and teacher, and charged Msgr. William Lynn, with two counts of child endangerment, apparently the first time a church leader has been criminally charged with covering up abuse. Monsignor Lynn was secretary of the clergy under retired Cardinal Anthony Bevilacqua, responsible for investigating abuse allegations from 1992 to 2004. Instead, according to the grand jury, he shuffled credibly accused priests among unsuspecting parishes, putting â€Å"literally thousands of children at risk of sexual abuse.† (5)The report said at least three dozen accused priests remain in active ministry in the archdiocese, nearly all unidentified. (6)The grand jury asked the archdiocese for its records on the accusations against those priests; months later, (7) the archdiocese has not ful ly complied. (8)These are not the first accusations against the Philadelphia Archdiocese. A blistering grand-jury report in 2005 exposed the abuse of hundreds of children by more than 60 archdiocesan priests, lamenting that the church’s cover-up had succeeded since the statute of limitations made it impossible to prosecute the predators.

Integrative strategic workshops and simulation Essay

Integrative strategic workshops and simulation - Essay Example The knowledge industry therefore has to deliver custom made solutions to its customers . Their close relationship is sometimes evident in their language as well. The features of the production are: flexible, creative, complex problem solving and dictated by the individual customers. As a future caution Sveiby has advised to adapt to the needs of their clients, to tailor-make their problem solving. They have to be very careful as to how they organise in order to make room for creativity and to maintain and develop the valuable knowledge of their employees as their prime assets. The two major trends of knowledge management have been observed by Kasten (2007) . Financial institutions, particularly banks, operate on universal rather than local structures and have centralised organisation. These are interested in stability and position within the industry. These organisations do not rely on specialised knowledge as much as the healthcare sector hence have a less finely divided internal structure. Hospitals have decentralised knowledge organisations and are forever in the pursuit of innovative and useful knowledge. These healthcare organisations a re human based rather than technology based as are the financial institutions (Kasten 2007). ... organizations. Available http://www.sveiby.com/articles/KnowledgeStrategy.htm Task 2 invisible balance sheet: Nokia has about $ 183 billion worth of intangible assets coming from the difference between market value of $ 190 billion and book value of 5.7 billion. These invisible assets, which no accountant mentions, comprised of patents , concepts, models and computer systems etc (internal structures), The brand name, image, trademarks, customer and supplier relationship (external structures). The intangible assets are generally not liquid and are self finances since banks do not finance these. The third category of internal assets is values, experience ,education and social skills of employees. The invisible balance sheet measures internal assests. In Aug 2001 Nokia lost assets worth & 86 billion yet remained a market leader in telecom sector. The loss was of the invisible assets while its visible assets remained high. Bhutoria (N. D.) states that besides the customer base and strength of operation, a company has human capital as important asset. After all it is the human capital that ensures smooth running of operations and acquiring and retaining the customers. An employee is professional when he is an expert in his chosen field, he may be a role model for others. A person has a set of competencies each of which has a value. When such a person leaves the organisation that much capital is lost. An employee's expected economic value to the firm corresponds to the future earnings of the employee for the remaining active service life. It should also include career movement or possibility of employee leaving the organisation. However, since it is difficult to evaluate employees on individual basis so a group valuation should rather be performed

Aristotle - Essay 7 Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Essay 7 Essay One of the greatest thinkers of all time was Aristotle-322 BC, the Ancient Greek philosopher. He has practically influenced every area of present day thinking. His main focal points were the natural and social sciences. In Stagira, a town on the northwest coast of the Aegean Sea, in the year of 384 BC Aristotle was introduced to the world. He grew up a wealthy boy. His father was friends with the noble king of Macedonia, and as a young man he spent the majority of his time at the Macedonian court. At the age of seventeen, he was sent away to study in Athens. It was there that he transformed to a disciple of Plato. Over time, Aristotle became the mind of the school. Later in his life, he followed his mentor and became a teacher in a school on the coast of Asia minor. Aristotle was the professor of young prince Alexander, who went on to become the ruler Alexander the Great. Aristotle was the first known person to make major advances in the fields of logic, physical works( such as physics, meteorologists, etc .) ,  psychological works, and natural history( modern day biology). His most famous studies are in the field of philosophical works. His studies play an important role in the early history of chemistry. Aristotle was the first person to propose the idea of atoms matter and other grand ideas. Aristotle made the first major advances in the field of philosophy of nature. He saw the universe as lying between two scales: form without matter and is at one end and matter without form is at the other end. One the most important aspetc  s of Aristotles philosophy was the development of potentiality to actuality. That can be explained as something possibility in terms of its accuracy. The actual state compare to the potential state is demonstrated in terms of the causes which act on things. The four causes include material cause, efficient cause, formal cause, and final cause. First the material cause is also defined as the elements out of which matter is created. The way in which matter is created is known as efficient cause. Formal cause is called  the expression of what the material actually is . The last cause, appropriately named final cause, is for the end of the substance. An example, actual compared to potential, can be as simple as bronze statue. The material cause is plainly the bronze. Its efficient cause is the sculptor . The formal cause is the idea of the statue, as the sculptor envisions it . The final cause is the perfetc  ion of the statue . These four  stages of creation through termination exist throughout nature. Aristotles vision of early chemistry created a strong foundation for the chemists of today. Works Cited Aristotle (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). (Online) Available http://utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl/htm Aristotles Page. (Online) Available http://eng.ox.ac.uk/jdr/aristo/html Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia. 1995 Comptons NewMedia, Inc.

The Woman in Black Essay Example for Free

The Woman in Black Essay No reader of The Woman in Black Can be left in doubt about its conscious evocation of the Gothic. It is full of motifs and effects associated with that genre, How far would you agree with this statement of the novel? I agree undeniably, with the above statement, as the novel is a pastiche of the Victorian/Edwardian ghost story which is a sub-genre of the Gothic. Thus consciously evoking the Gothic. However, it could be argued that Susan Hill at times cleverly manipulates the motifs and effects associated with the Gothic genre. It is theses motifs and effects that are present in the gothic genre, which I will discuss in The Women in Black (1983). I will begin by briefly discussing this essay on the genre itself The Gothic genre is a genre that has been burning artistically for centuries, ever since it was more or less invented by Horace Walpole in the classical gothic novel The Castle of Otranto1765 possessed the indispensable and core elements of this genre, it was set to be a benchmark for following work in this field such as The Woman in White (1860) by Wilkie Collins, The Italian (1797) by Ann Radcliff, The Monk'(1796) by Mathew Lewis and Bram Stokers Dracula (1897). The Women in Black is full of Gothic elements and conventions throughout. The reader at first realises the effectiveness of the first person narrative of the novel; this is delivered by Arthur Kipps the main character of the story. Effectively, the reader gains a first hand insight of thoughts, feelings and emotions of Arthur instantly as they happen. Therefore, slowly but gradually the reader becomes attached to Arthur due to the sense of immediacy that they experience with the unfolding of emotions, thoughts and events when Arthur does. This is initially used in the opening chapter Christmas Eve when Arthur states; I was seized by something I cannot possibly describe, an emotion, a desire- no, it was rather more, a knowledge, a simple certainty, which gripped me, Indisputably, the Christmas Eve opening of The Woman in Black echoes the opening of Henry Jamess Turn of the Screw. It is a convention of the ghost Story were in the festive season people gather by the fire and make up lurid inventions about vampires to even rats and bats. In addition the intertextuality of the novel is emphasised with the striking resemblance between Arthur Kipps and Jonathon Harker in Bram Stokers Dracula (1897). Here both are lawyers and both are very rational which is exemplified when Arthur describes himself as a commonsensical man. Another example of the novels intertextuality is one of the chapters actual name; Oh whistle and Ill come to you which is taken from an M.R. James ghost story. These thoroughly present intertextuality continuously imprints on the reader the elements of the novel, the ghost story. This is also agreed by most Enlish critic like (1)Alan Jones who says; Hills novel also shows an eclectic indebtedness to other text. The referential quality of text like Walpoles The Castle of Otranto or Lewiss The Monk, with their nods in the direction of medieval manuscript, Shakespeare, graveyard poetry and so on, finds full measure in the pages of her text. The first attribute acknowledged by the reader as a common Gothic element is the setting of The Women in Black. overall, there are two main settings of the story, one being Monks Piece where Arthur begins the story of The Women in Black. Initially, Monks Piece is presented as place from out of reach from civilisation, an area of remoteness and isolation, a place really distant. Arthur describes its air of remoteness and isolation which makes us feel ourselves to be much further from civilization. The supernatural or otherwise inexplicable events are a key theme in the Gothic genre and The Woman in Black is no exception. In The Woman in Black is the constant emphasis of man versus nature that is repeated throughout. Susan Hill provides an undetectable malevolent and treacherous force, using nature, whether its a fog, sea-freats or a mist. The ultimate felling of supernatural is without a shadow of doubt, created by the fog, one of Londons deadliest peasoupers. The fog slowly, but gradually constructs the sense of the supernatural by creating an illusion of uncertainty for both Arthur and the reader. This is conveyed when Arthur describes the fog. Fog was out door, hanging over the river, creeping in the and out of alleys and passagessly entrance at every opening of a door. This idea of the fog suggests the fog has become an entity by technique of personification used by Hill. This projects the idea that the fog is more than a fog. In that way it is given a beastly presentation especially by the use of the simile like a furred beast. The distinct description of the fog provokes the inevitable thought of the supernatural with its ever-present malevolent force. This idea of the isolation and remoteness is often used in the Gothic. It gives a clear sense of eeriness and vulnerability about Monks Piece. This is the setting were Arthur begins his ghostly narrative in an attempt to Exorcise the haunting of his past. This brings to mind the idea that when Arthur dies, his accounts of events would be found by someone else like the traditional manuscript found by Jonathon Harker in Bram Stokers Dracula. The other main setting of the novel is Eel Marsh House. In comparison with Monks piece, Eel Marsh House has an air of strange sensation, an excitement mingled with alarm. Eel Marsh House is projected as a place that will have you startled with excitement but also vividly perceptive at the same time. This is illustrated in the description when Arthur initially sets eyes on Eel Marsh House by saying; it was a tall, gaunt house that is isolated and uncompromising but also on the other hand Handsome. Nevertheless, Eel Marsh house is so indistinguishable of Monks Piece in the sense of the sheer solitude and loneliness about the place. However, unlike Monks Piece there is evil with a touch of wickedness about Eel Marsh House, this illustrates that Eel Marsh House is an updating of the Gothic castle. It is this Gothic aura that seems to be seducing Arthur. This idea can be unmistakably recognised when Arthur mentions that; I was aware of a heightened of every one of my senses, and Conscious that this extraordinary place was imprinting itself on my mind and deep on my imagination too This cleverly hints the supernatural force that seems to be enveloping itself around Arthur, inevitably, he appears to be addicted to the place and not discouraged by eeriness incorporated by the satanic sea vultures and by the bleakness that is being hurled by the small burial ground near Eel Marsh house which is typical Gothic iconography. This is further emphasised by the condition of the decayed gravestone with patches of greenish-yellow lichen and moss. Moreover, its the indecipherable dates and names on the Drablows graveyard that create mystery, just like how the novels time period and place of setting is left ambiguous. An atmosphere of mystery and suspense is another key Gothic element in the gothic genre and The Woman in Black is no different. The presentation of London in A London Particular establishes the mystery and mood of the novel. The city is presented as dark, evil-smelling, with a foul gloom atmosphere, when these carefully constructed metaphors and adjectives bind, they do paint a vivid image for the reader. In addition, the true sense of mystery and suspense is cemented by the introduction of Jennet Humfrye the Woman in Black herself. At the funeral of Mrs. Drablow, she is described as a woman with some terrible wasting disease a woman with skin that is tautly stretched and strikingly, a woman only a short time away from her own death. This description deployed by Hill illustrates that this is no ordinary woman and inhuman in some sort even to the extent that she is a walking corpse, a curse on Crythin Gifford. Therefore, Hill sustains the key Gothic theme of death and curse in the novel. The novel itself is built around the mystery of the woman and the tragic death of her child. This unravels that Jennets separated from her son because of the social stigma associated with children being born out of wedlock. This is heightened by the inexplicable behaviour of the Woman in Black and more effectively the reaction of those who see and hear of her presence. This is conveyed to the reader when Arthur says I had never in my life been so possessed by it, never known my knees to tremble And my flesh to creep, and then to turn cold as stone. The absolute fear here is over-ridden by the total danger which she has caused him. This utter tantrum is fuelled by the unexplainable event of disappearance by the wasted woman. This high, even overwrought emotion is common in most Gothic novels; it clearly portrays the feeling of impending doom being experience by the character, in this case, Arthur when he is in intense fear and sense of shock as he witnessed the vanishing of The Woman in Black. It is clear that Susan Hill effectively deploys the basics of gothic elements of gothic fiction. However, these elements are altered to appeal to a more modern audience in the case the castle. Therefore it can be said that Eel Marsh House is an updating of the Gothic Castle. Hill effectively sustains her Gothic genre of Gothic horror of contracting the soul, freezing the faculties and nearly annihilating them. This is apparent in The Woman in The Black several times with excessive examples of Arthur and even other characters including Mr. Jerome, when he is in shock, paralysed by fear of the Woman in Black; Mr. Jerome grabbed my wrist and held it in an agonizingly tight grip or collapse with some kind of seizure. Or even more effectively when the sense of danger and horror is built up using Arthurs companion dog Spider, who becomes accustomed to the threat present; Every her of her body was on end, her ears were pricked, her tail erect, the whole of her tense, as if ready to spring This form of reaction defines gothic horror capturing the idea developed by Ann Radcliffe. Another Victorian/Edwardian convention of ghost stories that cements the pastiches of the novel is how the setting is kept ambiguous. This is shown when Mr Bentley sends Arthur to Eel Marsh in-shire? to represent the firm at Mrs Drablows funeral. Moreover, the context of the novel is kept unclear, because the story could be taking place after the First World War or more likely in the Edwardian period due to the lack of cars present and more significantly to the continuous appearances of a pony and trap in the novel as a leitmotif. Overall, Susan hill captures the mood of the Gothic genre and specially the sub-genre the ghost story. Hill shows a great variety of traditional gothic elements with a blend of originality and innovation by overturning the readers expectation of the genre inconsistently within the novel. In the woman in black the oppressor is a woman and the victim is a man, Arthur, threatened by a powerful, impulsive and a tyramical female, where on the other hand most gothic genre have a woman as a victim. Nevertheless, this ingenious thesis by Hill is a pleasant one because undoubtedly the novel is unpredictable while still consciously evoking the gothic.

A Study On Change Management Commerce Essay

A Study On Change Management Commerce Essay Accepting change is considered the biggest paranoia in todays world. Organizations both business and non-business confront a challenging world. Some of the challenges that are faced by managers today include competition from other firms, globalization, and technological changes besides others. Let us consider a small example that can set the stage for discussing the effects of change. Daily life in a modern society is like a routine, where we wake up in the mornings, have breakfast, go for work, have lunch, come back from work, eat dinner and then sleep again. It has become a scheduled life, or so to say, we conform to structure in our lives. This structure provides us the necessary security. But, if we were to live in a world full of anxiety and unexpected mechanisms, it may leave us feeling uneasy and apprehensive. If this is the condition of individuals, a large-scale change in an organization can surely transform its people into anxiety, exasperation, frustration, depression or even fatal incidents. To curb this, organizations practice what is to be referred to as Change Management. Change Management is a process whereby, the individual, team or the organization develops a planned approach towards any sort of an alteration. The objective is to capitalize the benefits for the people and lessen the risk of failure of implementation. Change management entails thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation, and most importantly, consultation with the people who are going to be involved in the process. This task studies how organizations have evolved to accept change. But let us first look at the drivers that affect organizational change: Ø Inadequate Financial Performance the 2008 economic slowdown can be well quoted as an example for this. Companies failing to reach their financial benchmarks, have to undergo change. Competitive organizations can cannibalize their market share, provided they enter with cheaper labor or superior technology. Failure to maintain the market share can force companies to rethink their opportunity cost and also the deployment of resources. Ø Changes in Strategic objectives many companies shift their focus from being product-driven to being customer-driven or even process-driven. To enable this, restructuring and re-orientation of processes, people are required of in the organization. Ø New Technology companies that neglect the new trends in the market are set to suffer a setback, and, therefore, should adapt to the changes in technology. Ø Mergers and Acquisitions when companies merge and consolidate their operations, people and the culture, re-engineering takes place. The streamlining of the operations, infrastructure and the structure of the two organizations into one centralized theme is a huge part of the change management process. These, could be defined as the drivers of change that evolve businesses and markets. Organizations, today, have learnt to adapt to change. In this era of globalization, fast-moving lives and business-centered organizations, people and the processes have accepted the transformation. For instance, a lot of investment banks had to undergo transformation during the economic slowdown. Citigroup Inc. restructured its banks and other affiliates during the recessionary period, to acclimatize with the new environment. And it did happen. The management has to ensure that a smooth shift occurs, and for this it adopts a number of organizational theories as a basis for effective change management. Some of them are listed in the next few paragraphs. The central challenge of changing peoples behavior and making them susceptible to change remains to be a huge challenge. John Kotter and Dan Cohen, discuss in their book The Heart of Change: real life stories of how people change their organizations discuss highly-successful organizations embark large-scale change. They say it moves through eight stages: What people do and what is to be done for them, requires systematic thinking and planning on the part of the management. It is necessary to build upon a sense of urgency in the people by inspiring them with the need that has arisen to undergo change. This could be done with relevant people in the organization first and then go onto include others. These could be referred to as the Change Agents. These agents can then create a team with the credibility, reputation and formal authority that can inspire change leadership. The visions, strategies and goals of the employees and the organization could be uplifted in this process but communication of these is of utmost important. The right communication can get the change process on an easy path. Every path has some definite barriers to action, and it is imperative to remove these as they would prove harmful. Empowering the people to act on their vision could lead to easy transition. Change cannot be brought about in a jiffy. It requires a lot of patience and observation on part of the organization, and therefore, small waves of change can lead to a bigger, better ocean of possibilities. When the change management process is nearly done, the new culture should remain stagnant until, the next change process comes around. This eight-step process of change would help to slide organizational change smoothly into organizational processes and functions and would bring about a new culture. The next theory of change is Kurt Lewins Three-Step Change theory. This theory is considered to be systematic and planned in its approach. It talks about three steps namely: The first step says to unfreeze or to change the existing behavior. This is necessary to overcome the strains of individual resistance. Some activities that can assist in this step are motivating the employees, building trust and recognition and letting the employees participate in brainstorming sessions and other group activities. The second step talks about taking the level of the employees to a new target level. In this stage, the employees are encouraged to work together, look at the changes from a new perspective, and support the change agents and the leaders in the process of change. The purpose of refreezing is to stabilize the new equilibrium and ensuring that the changes implemented are followed by the employees. There are many other theories that can catapult an organization into accepting change, namely, 7-S Framework by Mckinsey, Cultural Dimensions by Hofstede, Managerial Grid by Blake-Mouton, Causal Model of Organizational Performance and Change by Burke-Litwin, besides others. Organizations, today, understand the relevance of inclusion of its employees in the process of change management, and, therefore by implication of various models and theories, involve their people with full intention of their benefit. The Cognitive theory states the importance of understanding the thought processes of human beings, and this theory aids in the development of the theories and the models used by organizations for engaging their employees in the change management process. The next task studies the strengths and weaknesses of a Bureaucratic Organization. Task (b) Max Weber gave the concept of bureaucracy at the turn of the 20th century. For him, the ideal bureaucracy was defined by the terms efficiency, impersonality and rationality. The employees are subject to published codes of rules i.e. the ones that are available in writing. The structure of the organization is a continuous hierarchy where every level has authority on the level below it. Job holders have no rights to a particular position. Responsibilities are delineated within each level, which has its own sphere of competence. Technical competence is the basis for appointment to an office. The strengths and the weaknesses of the bureaucratic organization are described as below: Strengths : Increased control and monitoring of the upper level management More control over the employees with set rules and regulations Reporting relationships are clear and well-defined Centralized system, where all the decisions are monitored Weaknesses: Lack of innovation due to the set procedures and processes Employees are not motivated because of lesser employee participation and involvement Communication has to go through many levels, which gets distorted Encourages politics in the organization These are the strengths and the weaknesses of the bureaucratic organization. The organization chosen is BMW or Bayerische Motoren Werke which is headquartered in Munich, Germany and came into being in 1917. It has become one of the ten largest car manufacturers in the world. Long-term thinking and cornerstone thinking has been the reasons for their success. The prime objectives of their corporate strategy include striving for ecological and social sustainability, taking full responsibility for their products, and giving commitment towards their resources. It is for these objectives, that BMW has been the sector leader since the last five years, according to the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices. BMW holds the privilege of having some of the best brands in the world, to be their creations. These are the BMW Series, MINI and the Rolls Royce. These automobiles represent the finest and the most luxurious segment of the cars in the world. Along with the automotive concerns BMW is also employed with other services such as: Motorcycles BMW is also engaged with the development, production and the marketing of motorcycles. These motorcycles are set in standard with technology, environmental protection and outstanding customer pre-sales and after-sales services. Financial Services an extensive product portfolio is offered by BMW that supplies expert information and advice for situations and questions in relation with the finance sector. As stated in their Annual Report 2009, BMW is clear with their mission for 2020 where they are the worlds leading provider of premium products and services for individual mobility. More driving pleasure and less of emissions the BMW group is implementing on this principle, unlike the other automobile manufacturers by working on Efficient Dynamics technology. In 2007, BMW adopted the Number ONE strategy that focused on long-term value growth and profitability. The four pillars of this strategy are Future, Growth, Customers and Profitability. This strategy revolutionized the BMW group and put them on the path to success.BMW has about 24 production and assembly plants in 13 countries. The sales distribution network of BMW stands strong at 41 company-owned subsidiaries and more than 3,000 dealerships. The next task discusses and compares the ways of organizational development and aligns it with BMW. Task (c) Organization development consists of the activities that intervene in the interactions of the people and the systems, i.e. in the work culture and in the organizational design in order to increase the efficiency using a variety of applied behavioral sciences. Richard Beckhard in what is Organizational Development?, mentions that it is â€Å"an effort (1) planned, (2) organization-wide, and (3) managed from the top, to (4) increase organization effectiveness and health through (5) planned interventions in the organizations ‘processes, using behavioral-science knowledge.† The intervention techniques focus on four categories- the Interpersonal, team or group, intergroup and then the overall organizational intervention. Each intervention revolves around these four categories. Some of the important organization development interventions include: Survey Feedback is a part of intervening in the total organizational system. This methodology believes in taking feedback from the managers in the form of a survey conducted. The data is collected, the results are analyzed and then the means are developed to correct the situation. Process Consultation a behavioral effort, this intervention aims at the teams or the intergroup activities, where through interaction, the problem is resolved. Coaching and counseling are the means of influencing change. Goal setting the goals of every division in the organization is set. This aligns with the overall organizational objectives. This is an inter-group activity. Managerial Grid it consists of group and individual activities with a view to developing the managerial style, interpersonal competence and group effectiveness. Management by Objectives this tool developed by Peter Drucker, where the managers at different levels and their subordinates work together to establish and then achieve their goals. Re-engineering a radical redesigning of the people, processes and customer satisfaction that would obtain drastic changes in the performance. These are some of the ways in which organizational development is encouraged in the organization. The automotive industry undergoes structural changes in an uncertain economic climate. Manufacturers face a new set of challenges to their business models, designs and ultimately, their cost structures. Automotive companies have to ensure that their designs are fuel-efficient, light-weight, are cheap to produce and are desirable. In this era of globalization, where the consumer has become a think-tank and is conscious of its status and upbringing in the society, BMW as an organization has always believed in identifying demands, reflecting on the challenges and investing in the future. The group understands that success and sustainability belong together. The Sustainability Board at BMW continuously evaluates progress and determines the suitable strategic directions. Every employee at BMW is called upon to help implement the goal of sustainability and responsibility. Of the ways of organizational development that have been discussed above, the intervention of Re-engineering would suit the framework of BMW. This organizational development intervention would seek to radically transform all the processes and gain quantum leaps in the processes. This model would look at the overall improvement at BMW and would even make amendments in the separate divisions. The level of changes that can be implemented in BMW would include: Structural changes change at the level of the structure of the organization. Inclusion of new members in the committee. BMW continuously evaluates its board members and members of the supervisory board. Also, mergers and acquisitions could bring about a hefty change in the organization. Technical changes hybrid and fuel-efficient cars are the demands of the environment and the industry today. BMW faces the challenge of promoting social and ecological aspects as resource-friendly and effective alternatives on the supplier markets. This is the ecological change that BMW needs to apply in its operations. One of the objectives of BMW is reduce the resource consumption and emissions by another 30% as compared to the 2006 level. BMW is already exercising these options by way of applying the Efficient Dynamics Technology. Changes in the Human Resources people are the most important element in any organization. BMW ensures that its employees are satisfied and that they meet the targets of their Strategy Number ONE, as discussed before. In fact, for any organization, organizational development for its employees is of utmost importance. And that is why, BMW holds its members as the strongest pillar in its Strategy Number ONE. With the help of the Balanced Scorecard method, BMW ensures that its members achieve their targets which are also in view with achieving the company-wide objectives. The human resources department attracts mainly the high performers with the highest competencies. Also, cross-functional training, ideal job description are some of the ways in which the employees are encouraged to challenge the changing environments. One of the powerful programmes of BMW is called â€Å"Drive† for the young professionals with only up to three years of experience. The next part deals with the development of systems for understanding and involving others in the process of change. PART II Task (a) In todays fast paced business environment, companies need to have flexible and planned business operations to facilitate radical change. Change to company processes requires dedicated planning, and its become imperative to align resources and employees to the companys objectives and goals. Adopting long term-change, strategic planning in the business units, building performance metrics, management-encouraged ideas, employee training and development are some of the critical success factors that would help infuse change in the organization. Of these, the most important is the Stakeholder Analysis. This analysis helps in creating and documenting those policies that would be in the interest of the stakeholders. This analysis would help in aggrandizing the process of change management of the organization. Stakeholder Analysis is a process of gathering and analyzing qualitative data in relation to those to whom the interests of the organization are worthwhile. This data is taken into account while deciding upon a particular policy or a program to be implemented. Stakeholders are the persons or organization with vested interest in the policy being promoted. These stakeholders can be the international donors, national/political figures, public agencies, labor, civil society and the users/consumers. There are eight major steps that are involved in this process: Kammi Schmeer provides these eight steps in Stakeholder Analysis Guidelines, and regards this information to be useful for other analyses as well. This system would help in developing and in introducing change in the organization. When this analysis would be conducted before the policy is implemented then, the policy makers and the managers can act to prevent any potential misunderstanding or opposition. This would enable the program to succeed most likely. BMW already exercises good stakeholder engagement policies in their organization. It believes in the principle of ‘Listen, understand and act. In 2009, BMW hosted its first Stakeholder Roundtable where experts from various environmental, societal and organizational concerns were present. They discussed the issues relating to product strategies and lessen the resource consumption across the value chain. BMW regularly holds stakeholder surveys, employee surveys and commits to sustainability initiatives. Task (b) After developing the system for engaging the stakeholders in the implementation of change, the organization is still most likely to receive resistance. In the light of transitions, it is almost natural for stakeholders to resist change. The most affected in the changing circumstances are the employees. Humans have a desire for perpetual stability, especially in their jobs and roles. And hence, the urge to resist is dominant. Many processes recognize and tend to overcome resistance in an organization. Some of them are: Individual Interviews these would help in determining the exact thought processes that are prevailing in the minds of the stakeholders Commitment Plan- all the stakeholders and the members of the organization should be committed to the change plan. And this would majorly succeed, if the top-level management inspire leadership and help create a conducive environment to change Communication of decisions as soon as the decisions are taken, they should be intimated to the stakeholders. The same should be done with care and honor for the stakeholders, respecting the past traditions and describing the advantages of a changed future. Input every stakeholder that is going to be affected by the change plan should be given a chance to express the views, but in a defined and composed manner. A systematic plan should be developed. Rewards successful implementation and cooperation should be credited with compensatory rewards. Evaluation after the necessary changes have been implemented, the organization should evaluate the strategic changes on continual basis. This evaluation is of utmost importance to the stakeholders, as then the effects of the new policy or programme would be known to the policy makers. This would help in making amendments and improvising further. PART III This part deals with the plan that would be required to implement ongoing change in the organization. Task (a) Every organization needs to gain competitive advantage in todays world. Taking a holistic approach towards the process can assure the company to adopt the right mindset from the first go. There are various models for implementation of change management in an organization. Some of the models that would aid in proper change management especially in BMW are described as below. 1. ADKAR Change Model by Prosci This a goal oriented change model that allows the management teams to focus their activities on the business results. This acronym is characterized by the words Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement. There should be Awareness for the need for change; a Desire to participate and support the change; Knowledge of how to change; Ability to change on a day-to-day basis and Reinforcement to keep the change in place. This model can be used to: Ø Diagnose the resistance of employees to change Ø Help the employees in accepting the transition Ø Create a successful action plan for personal and professional management Ø Develop a change management plan This model helps in identifying why the changes are not working and what could be done to implement the changes. 2. The 4-D process of Appreciative Enquiry This model by David Cooperrider talks about the change interventions that can take process via the 4-D way: Ø Discovery mobilizing a whole system enquiry Ø Dream envisioning the impact Ø Design co-constructing the future with the stakeholders Ø Delivery Sustaining the Change Organizations, says this theory, are centers of human relations and thrive only when there is an appreciative eye. Kurt Lewins Three-Stage model has been discussed before is a powerful tool in bring about the necessary changes in an organization. BMW, as an organization has learnt to adapt flexibly to any new situation. There are some recommendations that need to be applied by BMW in its organization to foster easy change acceptance by the employees. These are: Temporal Flexibility in this module, the employees should be able to take advantage of flexible work time models. They can work part-time or even full time. In motion- geographically and professionally not only geographical expansion, BMW should ensure that it does not exceed the head count of its employees. It is necessary to have skilled labor in order to survive new technologies and new markets Staff-oriented leadership the staff should be meant to lead the way into the organization. Active Participation BMW should encourage innovation and improvement culture by giving its staff numerous opportunities to have a share in the companys future. They should have the right to give in suggestions and ideas. Co-evaluate staff surveys should be held regularly at BMW to evaluate the effects of change in the organization Total Quality Management the quality at BMW should be enhanced and maintained at all levels. Care should be taken to avoid any mistakes. BMW is a technology-driven organization, and therefore, should apply the above given recommendations. If these are implemented practically, then it would be easier for the stakeholders to accept the new policies which would be based on successful past data. Task (b) In order to ensure that a correct change management plan has been implemented, a plan needs to be developed. This plan is divided into three phases that has been developed by ages of research by Prosci: Phase 1 Preparation for change Phase 2- Managing the change Phase 3 Reinforcing the Change Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 There are various possible outcomes that an organization would experience after successful implementation of the plan. These are: Greater organizational effectiveness Improved work quality and morale Enhanced cooperation and collaboration in work Better customer service Increased ROI Reduced time to implement change This plan can be implemented in BMW by operating not only horizontally but even in the vertical structure. Every division of BMW should exercise this plan and work upon it in making the recommended changes. This effective plan would be able to result in fruitful changes in BMW, and help them in achieving their Strategy Number ONE with ease. Reference List Books 1. Handy, Charles, (1990), â€Å"The Age of Unreason†, Harvard Business School Press, United States of America 2. Kotter, John; Cohen, Dan, (2002), â€Å"The Heart of Change†, Harvard Business School Press, United States of America 3. Weber, Max , (1947), â€Å"The Theory of Social and Economic Organization†, Collier Macmillan Publishers, London PDF files 1. Schmeer, Kammi, â€Å"Stakeholder Analysis Guidelines†. http://new.paho.org/hss/documents/policytoolkitforstrengtheninghealthsectorreformpartii-EN.pdf 2. Beckhard, Richard, â€Å"What is Organizational Development?†. http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/64/07879842/0787984264.pdf 3. â€Å"Prosci Change Management Series† http://www.prosci.com/prosci_change_series.pdf 4. BMW Annual Report 2009 http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf 5. BMW Sustainability Value Report 2009 http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/verantwortung/publikationen/sustainable_value_report_2008/_pdf/SVR_2008_engl_Gesamtversion.pdf

Stock Market :: essays research papers

Stock Market Crash of 1929   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The day the stock market crashed, October 29th, 1929, is now known in infamy as Black Tuesday. â€Å"The Reasons Stocks Crashed in 1929† by Harold Bierman Jr. says that there were many events that led up to the Stock Market Crash. On October 24th, 1929, the stock market fell 9% during the day, which was a huge deal back in that time when a lot of people had money invested in the Stock Market. After this decline there was a selling alarm, as everyone wanted to get his or her money out of the stock market. Bierman concludes that the stock prices were too high in October of ’29 and that a crash in the market was bound to happen. â€Å"The Reasons Stocks Crashed in 1929† by Harold Bierman Jr. reviews a small set of possible causes for the crash and reaches specific conclusions about the events that led to the biggest stock market crash in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 29th of October will always be known as Black Tuesday but it was not the only day the stock market struggled. The New York Times of October 4th headed a page one article â€Å"Year’s Worst Break Hits Stock Market†, but almost all reported business news was still very optimistic. On October 23rd the market declined by four billion dollars and if the events of the 29th did not happen then the 23rd would have gone done in history as the major stock market event. The events of the 23rd were dwarfed by the proceedings of the morning of the 29th when it was said that within a few hours of the stock market being open that day, the prices had fallen so low that they wiped out all of the gains that have been made in the entire previous year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the stock market was viewed as an indicator of the American economy, the public’s confidence in the economy was shattered.

Destruction through Imagery and Theme in The English Patient Essay

Destruction through Imagery and Theme in The English Patient The imagery in Michael Ondaatje's novel The English Patient serves to illustrate the theme of destruction in this novel. The setting of the novel as well as the characters themselves present to the reader a vivid picture of demolition. Critics also find that Ondaatje's imagery is a vital element in the presentation of this theme. The English Patient is set at the end of World War II in a war-ravaged Italian village. Ondaatje gives vivid descriptions of the damage the village sustained due to the war: As the hill town began to be torn apart like a battle ship at sea, by fire shells, the troops moved from the barrack tents in the orchard into the now crowded bedrooms of the old nunnery. Sections of the chapel were blown up. Parts of the top storey of the villa crumbled under the explosions. (12) Ondaatje's detailed and memorable description completes his picture of the county side. "Dead cattle. Horses shot dead, half eaten. People hanging upside down from bridges" (Ondaatje 19). This elaborate a...

Essay on national service program

The National Service Program proposal by the US congress once heard will immediately pose a lot of questions. But many of those questions have been answered by the different corps that has been providing utmost help to those who need. Through the National Service Program, public schools would be able to provide the education every child needs, the quality of life improved by providing easy and fast access to public health, providing food to the hungry, shelter to the homeless, environment conservation and protection, care giving to the elders and being there when a community experiences such devastating calamites and disasters like hurricanes, flooding and such terror activities. Most of the time, people would be willing to extend their service, but sometimes they just don’t know where or how (McCain, 2001).With the proposal, almost every single American would be able to show their patriotism to the country. A lot of opportunities to serve others are present, and still many ar e not doing a thing. By providing means on where one could serve, that way, he or she would be able to determine what service could be provided according to his or her knowledge, skills and abilities. Serving the country is not just about joining the army and being involved in wars over Iraq, Vietnam and Afghanistan. Fortunately, a lot of different corps is available depending on the mode of service they provide.The corp can be a group that can provide measures in making a community safe from any kind of crime and terrorists activities. The program also extends its help to countries in overseas by providing means in solving challenges for the development of a nation. Talents and skills are shared in this program for those who want to improve and further develop their capacities(Marshall, 2007). The service programs could be the key for students entering the college in choosing the career path they would be taking. A study has shown that students in high school that were engaged in a community service are more likely to finish college compared to those who have not joined such activity. Also, improvement in their reading skills, mathematics and science is evident(Roscow, 2007).Having a national service program instead of a voluntary or selective program will result into a lot of inevitable issues regarding freedom. Making or compelling the citizens to work for two years will greatly affect their lives. A family man working hard to raise his family would not have two years to serve others. He would of course be putting his family first before others. Or course the government cannot satisfy or at least provide the necessities that a family needs if their provider is gone and doing national service, would they?Two years of public service is too much, considering the fact that it would be full time. Another issue that would be raised is how the government would compel millions of citizens to do national service. Would there be laws that would prosecute a person if he or she did not perform the necessary tasks he or she is into? If so, would it not violate the rights and freedom of the general public? A lot of issues are needed to be considered before passing the proposal especially those ones that concerns the rights and freedom of every American citizen.The government alone cannot rely on the workforce is has. It needs more than it could have in providing services. As every American individual obtain the ever ending rights, entitlements and freedom, obligation to the nation lacks. And some don’t even know what really is their responsibility and obligation to their country. John Kennedy once told the country about not asking what a nation or a country do for them but it’s about doing something for the country (Healy, 2007). With the National Service Program, billion of hours of service could be provided in making a country far well-protected, stronger and a better place. It not only teaches patriotism but responsibility and comp assion as a whole. Not everyone could be called a hero like those that have saved lives or the war veterans in World War II, but by providing service to your fellow countrymen, you can be a their hero.Healy, A. L. Y. a. M. (2007). Citizenship means giving something back. THe Denver Post.Marshall, W. (2007). Ideas for national service that would benefit America. The Sacramento Bee.McCain, J. (2001). Putting the â€Å"National† in National Service [Electronic Version]. Washington Monthly. Retrieved July 1, 2007 from http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0110.mccain.html.Roscow, D. (2007). Academic Performance Enhanced By High School Civic Engagement. CIRCLE.

Othello/Macbeth Tragic Heroes

A tragic hero, determined by Aristotle, must show a nobility and virtue of a certain magnitude however, their path to happiness should be ceased by their destructive vice (Harmartia- the flaw that eventually leads to their downfall). Peripeteia, the point where the character’s fortune changes, must evoke a state of pity and fear amongst the audience, and give above all, a didactic message.The outcome of this characteristic should result in a complex but sole instigation of both the hero’s Catharsis (a cleansing of emotion which is described by Aristotle as an effect of tragic drama on its audience) and Anagnoris when they reach their moment of realisation. It can be argued that Shakespeare fully abided by these rules in order to make a distinction between his characters’ prosperity and misfortune.Fintan O’Toole (post modernist critic) argues that Othello â€Å"is not tragic, merely pathetic†. However, Othello will be identified as a far greater trag ic hero than Macbeth, illustrating how Shakespeare fully intended on creating a tragically heroic character such as Othello. As the play progresses, Othello’s monumental Harmartia is gradually revealed; his sense of inherent jealousy is implemented by Iago, the Machiavellian villain, and his gullibility makes him susceptible to it.Once he becomes convinced that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful, his jealousy does indeed feed itself just as Iago ironically warns, â€Å"the green eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on† (Iago- Act 3 Scene 1), leading to the hero’s monstrous behaviour. The apparent alliteration, â€Å"death and damnation† (Act 3 Scene 3) and â€Å"waked wrath† (Act 3 Scene 3), reveals the great influence that Iago has upon Othello as his linguistic eloquence and his mental state rapidly collapse, resulting in both his use of evil imagery in language and in action, the murder of Desdemona.The hubris, argued by Helen Gardner ( in 20th century) â€Å"is heroic because Othello acts from inner necessity†, appearing to show Othello’s desire to remake the world into a better place, an act that is heroic â€Å"in its absoluteness†. This admission of ethical duty perhaps may have encouraged a contemporary audience to pity Othello as his act, although terrible in itself, is nevertheless wonderful in its own manner of righteousness. Othello therefore appears to be more honourable since his wrong doing was out of love and not of hatred, something for which Gardener seems to forgive Othello.A contemporary audience would argue that gender also plays an important role in Othello as men were regarded as stronger and wiser, making it more forgivable of Othello. However, a 21st century audience would view women as equally as important as men, showing that Desdemona’s murder was underserved and unforgivable of Othello. Dr Johnson (1765) declared that Othello was a â€Å"very useful moral†, as the protagonist shows how one can be stifled by naivete; the repetition of â€Å"honest Iago†, the external forces of evil, combine to cause Othello’s tragic manifestation and thus, his downfall.Macbeth’s Hamartia is his lust for power that eventually and unsurprisingly leads into his downfall. Arthur Kirsch (1984) highlights Macbeth’s â€Å"emptiness of his desires and the insatiability of his aspirations†. Macbeth becomes infatuated with the witches’ prophecy as he soon discovers how real it is, allowing him to be somewhat fixated on the idea of murdering the King and soon after, Banquo. â€Å"Macbeth does murder sleep†- the use of third person indicates the exponential deterioration of his mental state after killing an innocent King, as a result of his unquenchable thirst for power; essentially in itself more than one of the seven vices.Both Iago and Macbeth in this case, are the embodiment of the vices, both jealousy and gre ed, as opposed to Othello, who is only influenced by the vice itself. J. A Bryant (1961) argues that, â€Å"Macbeth is a wholly negative character who possesses the capacity for good but chooses to commit evil instead†, illustrating that his ulterior motive wasn’t for the good or righteous, as opposed to Othello, but for the selfish rise to power, evidently making him less of a tragic hero; he merely chooses evil because it works to his own advantage rather than making the world into a ‘better’ place.Both a Shakespearean and a modern audience would believe that Macbeth, like the Devil, has willed himself into a desperate position whereby he is captive of nothing except the providence he chose to ignore. In fact, a further aspect of his Hamartia is arguably his supposed lack of masculinity that he is constantly belittled and ridiculed for by Lady Macbeth. The use of a rhetorical question in â€Å"Are you a man? † indicates her ability to manipulate h im into believing that he is not ‘strong’ enough to murder.This too, plays an important but yet, not as dominant, role in Macbeth’s downfall. The second element combined to create a tragic hero is Peripeteia where the downfall from a virtuous status to a catastrophic one is evident. Regardless of however many times Othello is referred to as the â€Å"Moor† by Iago, a derogatory term used to highlight his race, a Shakespearean audience will still be amazed by his aristocratic virtue as he possesses the verbal eloquence to assert to the signiors in the rule of three adjectives as â€Å"potent, grave and reverend†.In Act 3 Scene 3 however, Othello makes more references to the â€Å"devil†; a reflection of Iago’s evil nature being imparted upon him, as â€Å"goats and monkeys† are images that connote the devil. His eloquence of poetry in Act 1 is in stark contrast to his rather barbaric and politically incorrect behaviour in Act 3, particularly to a 21st century audience as his act of â€Å"striking her† (Desdemona) across the face is an incredulous act that is totally unacceptable to feminists now but may have been deemed as common or even deserved to a contemporary audience of the 16th century.His affection dramatically changes towards Desdemona and it can be argued that Othello â€Å"allows manipulation and jealousy to lead to his self-destruction†- Tasha Kelley (2010) Othello simply cannot help the jealousy that he feels within him, no matter how much of an influence Iago is upon him. At this point, Othello is entirely convinced and absolute in the killing of his wife; the use of hyperbolic language in â€Å"I’ll tear her all to pieces† emphasises his sheer mercilessness since â€Å"all† of Desdemona will be killed.Unlike Othello, Macbeth changes rather early on in the play, and the only real evidence that the audience sees of his nobility is what others say about him. In Act 1 Scene 2 Duncan expresses, â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman†; the use of positive adjectives to describe Macbeth would give both a Shakespearean and modern audience a good impression of Macbeth even before he is revealed in the play.On the other hand, current and contemporary audiences would also notice that the other characters in Macbeth are the ones who prove Macbeth’s honorary class, and not he for himself. After one consecutive scene, Macbeth’s Peripeteia is extremely abrupt that it can be portrayed as almost non-existent. â€Å"If Chance will have me King, Why Chance may crown me, Without my stir†- immediately one gains the impression of his violent underlying tone that is implied by the use of the word â€Å"stir†, revealing to a contemporary audience that his destructive intentions are intrinsic.According to Aristotle, there must be a clear distinction between the character’s prosperity and misfortune; Macbeth, as a tra gic hero, does not condition himself to these rules religiously enough and it therefore, can be argued that his downfall is far too early on in the play for an audience to fully grasp his nobility. Whereas, Othello’s greatness is explored thoroughly for two whole Acts, allowing an audience of any time period, to understand that his noble qualities are innate.A contemporary audience, for example, would understand the reason for Othello’s downfall much better than they would with that of Macbeth’s as the play enables him to develop as a character and thus, show his true intentions, which are in this case, to love and protect Desdemona. Alas, an alternative interpretation of Macbeth of a Shakespearean audience would be that he is an incessantly complacent man who, by all means, allows arrogance to corrupt his mind even in the first scene of the play.The most famous of quotes where Macbeth visualises a dagger, represents his wavering resolve and lust for power that slowly descends into his madness. â€Å"Is this a dagger, which I see before me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Act 1 Scene 7, the use of a rhetorical question illustrates Macbeth’s hallucination of seeing an object that is clearly not there, which in comparison is a major downfall for someone who was deemed to be â€Å"valiant† at the start of the play.Susan Snyder (1994) states that â€Å"the play provides no answers to the questions it raises about the relative culpability of the witches’ equivocal predictions and Macbeth’s potential to commit murder†. Evidently, there is no real justification or distinction in Macbeth’s downfall other than his sick ambitious need for power. The third criterion that qualifies a tragic hero is Anagnorisis, where the protagonist acknowledges his/her own flaw that has led them to their downfall.After all the accusations and trauma that Desdemona has been through, her last and most angelic words being, â€Å"Commend me to my kind lord- O, farewell! † This suggests that she is a saint for forgiving all that Othello has done to her and shows just how much she loved Othello; a contemporary audience would ultimately feel pity for her as she is not the one to blame. However, a different view of Desdemona and what she represents has emerged over recent years amongst modern audiences; feminist and new historic critics haveexamined her character in relation to the society she moves in. Marilyn French (1982), explores the masculine and misogynistic value system within Othello, and despite Desdemona’s assertiveness in choosing her own husband, French emphasises that Desdemona â€Å"must be obedient to males† and is â€Å"self-denying in the extreme† thus when she dies she is a stereotype of female passivity. Once killing Desdemona, Othello begins to express his sincere remorse for his wrongdoing through the repetition of alliteration.The use of alliteration in â€Å"Cursed, cursed† and â€Å"cold, cold†, Act 5 Scene 2, reveals how ashamed he is with himself for committing such a crime as he is emphasising it through the repetition of consonance sound â€Å"c†, and above all, goes closer to prove his tragic hero status. Through his two speeches, Othello is able to elaborate on the fact that he is wrapped with guilt; the rhyming couplet of: â€Å"I kissed thee ere I killed thee: no way by this, Killing myself, to die upon a kiss. † epitomises his Anagnoris as he realises his sheer love for Desdemona with what remains within him, a flare of eloquence.In stark contrast, there is no real evidence of Macbeth’s Anagnoris, and in fact, he behaves rather arrogantly about the witches’ predictions because he believes that no real harm will happen to him. In Act 5 Scene 3, Macbeth expresses a very short speech in which no lamenting or mourning is apparent; â€Å"I have lived long enough; my way of life Is fall’n into the searà ¢â‚¬  is but a mere acknowledgement of his circumstances rather than realisation of his tragic flaw. A Shakespearean audience would notice that perhaps Macbeth has not fully repented for his mistake and is therefore, in terms of Aristotle, not a true, classified tragic hero.Macbeth is determined to continue fighting for his life whereas traditionally a tragic hero, such as Othello, should ultimately understand their downfall in exchange for their life. In Act 5 Scene 5, Macbeth does in fact have the verbal eloquence to express himself even in a state of supposed despair. The use of personification in â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow† reinforces the state of his ignorance to register his own wrong doing and therefore, both a modern and contemporary audience can advocate that they do not feel the same sympathy as they do for Othello.Finally, the last criterion of a tragic hero is Catharsis; the point at which the tragic hero cleanses his heart and the audience’s too. Othello, despite all that he has been through, returns to the articulate and passionate man, and for that, an audience can feel as though the previous trauma of Desdemona’s death combined with his own wicked imagery is obliterated and washed from them. â€Å"And very sea-mark of my utmost sail† is an example of how Othello is able to speak in iambic pentameter even in such a horrific mental state, reinforcing an audience’s perception of how truly noble and titled he is.Most honourably, he is not afraid of killing himself in the name of love; he simply â€Å"kisses Desdemona, and dies†, making him appear as more of a tragic hero than Macbeth, who fights to live on. He leaves the audience feeling bereaved and pitiful because, despite his jealousy, he ‘loved Desdemona too well’, a crime that was surely too harshly punished. Although, Macbeth’s death is rather less tragic and more heroic in the sense that he refused to kill himself b y â€Å"falling on my sword†; an audience would regard him as more honourable towards himself.Before Malcolm kills him, he partly recognises his wrong doing in the little speech that he gives; â€Å"Of all men else I have avoided thee: But get thee back, my soul is too much charg’d With blood of thine already†. Irrespective of the fact that Macbeth didn’t kill himself as he should have done, the imagery of â€Å"blood† reveals the extent of which Macbeth fights like a true soldier till the end. Unfortunately, as a modern audience, we cannot feel the same sympathy as we do for Othello as he neither recognises his flaw nor kills himself because of it; an imperative required for a true tragic hero.Macbeth is a rapid play that does not allow the main protagonist to develop as a character and for that reasoning; Macbeth lacks many of the imperative qualities needed within a tragic hero such as Peripeteia and Anagnorisis. Without a single doubt, Othello is one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragic heroes as fought for by Helen Gardner and Dr Johnson, regardless of Fintan O’Toole’s perception of Othello being â€Å"merely pathetic†. We can advocate otherwise that in fact Othello fulfils all four criterias of Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero.

Benefits of Stretching

Almost any athlete will tell you that they have had to stretch while playing for their coach; most prominently static stretching. Do these stretches help athletes perform at a higher level? Do they keep athletes from injury? Several researchers are out to prove that these stretches maybe don’t have the impact that coaches and trainers have been thinking that they do. Although upon hearing that the pre workout, pre exercise routine of millions of athletes might be for nothing is pretty hard to believe considering the impact that it has obviously made in the sport world.There have been thousands of studies on the benefits of stretching. Many people feel that stretching is a necessity. With more and more studies though it’s been hard to find evidence proving these ideas. â€Å"When a muscle is lengthening, the muscle fibers and connective tissues are elongated because of the application of external forces. † (Pornratshanee, Hume, Kolt). When these fibers are extende d it allows the muscle to experience a fuller range of motion. There are two main factors in most injuries, Lack of ROM (range of motion) and muscle stiffness.Most would think that this evidence proves that stretching indeed would help prevent injuries. Not necessarily, in the research done in the article, â€Å"STRETCHING REVIEW: A Scientific Review of the Benefits, Or Lack Thereof, Of Stretching†Ã‚  the author feels that, â€Å"just because a stiff muscle is related to a sports injury, and stretching can lessen a muscle’s stiffness, this does not mean that stretching prevents injury (STRETCHING REVIEW). † Different types of stretching include: ballistic stretching, dynamic stretching, and static stretching.Static stretching is the most commonly used type of stretching. After seeing that static stretching didn’t improve injury resistance, researchers then wonder if there are benefits in static stretching at all. Does static stretching help with performan ce levels? The research done by David G. Behn in his article, â€Å"Short Durations Of Static Stretching When Combined With Dynamic Stretching Do Not Impair Repeated Sprints And Agility. † Set out to find the answer to this question.Participants in the study were tested by level of flexibility followed by stretching and then put in Repeated-sprint Ability (RSA) and Change of Direction (COD) Tests. The results of this study showed that time length of stretching had no significant effect on the performance levels of the study group. Also the study found that there is no satisfactory evidence to prove that stretching would increase performance (Behm). While some researchers say that there isn’t any proof of stretching, others such as Peter McNair say that these researchers are missing something.Where the research gets complicated starts at the realization; maybe it’s not that stretching doesn’t have benefits but actually there are certain activities that fle xibility can be used as a benefit and others that less flexibility should be sought after. Some Researchers say that a certain level of being less flexible might actually help certain types of athletes. Whereas other activities a fuller range of motion is beneficial (McNair). In conclusion it is noticed that researchers aren’t completely sure of the benefits. Several factors are involved in the research of these benefits.The many factors make it hard to fully understand the advantage or disadvantage of stretching. People should consider the sport they are playing also, and even the position. It’s hard to think that stretching doesn’t have the impact that we once thought, but it’s a concept that might start grasping the world of sports as we know it. Works Cited Weerapong, Pornratshanee, Patria A. Hume, and Gregory S. Kolt. â€Å"Stretching: Mechanisms And Benefits For Sport Performance And Injury Prevention. â€Å"Physical Therapy Reviews  9. 4 (2004) : 189-206. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. STRETCHING REVIEW: A Scientific Review Of The Benefits, Or Lack Thereof, Of Stretching. †Ã‚  Journal Of Pure Power  4. 1 (2009): 68-70. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. David G. Behm, et al. â€Å"Short Durations Of Static Stretching When Combined With Dynamic Stretching Do Not Impair Repeated Sprints And Agility. †Ã‚  Journal Of Sports Science & Medicine  10. 2 (2011): 408-416. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. Peter McNair, et al. â€Å"Stretching And Injury Prevention: An Obscure Relationship. †Ã‚  Sports Medicine  34. 7 (2004): 443-449. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2012

Assignment- Final Paper Essay

These last five weeks in EXP 105 has really helped me learn a lot about learning in general, and also it has helped me to understand myself as a learner. If I had to explain the concept of learning to someone who has not yet taken this class, I would tell them that it is simply knowing who you are as learner and knowing what are your intentions are when it comes to learning. Intentions alone play a big part in learning because that is the ultimate goal; becoming an intentional learner. An intentional learner knows how to approach learning by developing skills to read, write, and think critically. I always felt that learning itself was a full time job, but this class changed that view by teaching me how to learn, and also what my weak and strong points were. This helps you to manage time, and learning no longer feels like it takes forever. In this class we were given a learning connections inventory (LCI). It was a short survey to help us identify our learning patterns. My LCI scores were as follows: Sequence 27, Precision 28. Technical Reasoning 20, and Confluence 17. Sequence and precision are my two use first learning patterns. I use these patterns on the regular. I am a very organized person and I like to make sure that I have all the information that is necessary before I perform a task. I use technical reasoning as needed, and then I avoid Confluence. Confluence requires a lot of creativity and that is the area I lack in the most so I try to stay away from it as much as I can. No matter how we use our learning patterns though, it always comes a time where we must use them all whether we realize it or not. Sometimes it is necessary to combine all of the learning patterns to get a full understanding of what is happening, or supposed to happen. The benefits of knowing your unique learning patterns are for one you already know how you should approach different tasks to get them done. It takes the guesswork out and saves you time to go back and finish something you did not  understand later. While learning patterns are strong tools to have in your tool box by themselves, sometimes it is necessary to have strategies to go along with them. When it comes to sequence I do not always think that a strategy is necessary because it is always important for things to be organized for them to look neat and flow smoothly when it comes too writing at least, and that is how I tried to think about every learning pattern and assignment in this class. My strategy for mu use first precision is to keep it at a minimum without being boring, less really is more sometimes. Technical reasoning will remain as it is since it is use as needed. I definitely know that my strategy for confluence was to intensify it a little more so that I can try to warm up to it and try to incorporate it into more of my assignments. The way that I took advantage of my strengths in this course was actually using them when I was completing assignments. The biggest challenge of my learning patterns was figuring out when and how to use them. It gradually got better once we discussed FITing and decoding assignments. It did not take long for me to grasp those concepts and after that everything became clear and it all made sense on hoe it all fit together. That solved the problem of the learning patterns being hard to understand when it came to using them to complete assignments in the course. I didn’t get to use the FITing concept until the end, but I wish I would have known about it earlier. I definitely plan to use it in my future courses because it makes everything easier to understand and I enjoyed doing it. I didn’t think of it as extra unnecessary work. It was more like a map to me to tell me what I should do. In the future I will also use more of the library and student resources to help me with FITing. The thing that I enjoyed the most about this class w being given the opportunity to learn about myself and who I am as a learner. I definitely feel different about learning and I plan to use everything I learned in this course in future courses. My favorite assignments to do in this class were the LCI and then the FITing and decoding assignment. To make the class a little better and more fun I think at least another variation of the LCI should be included. I had taken online courses before so all of my expectations were met. I enjoyed this class overall.

Family Counseling Approach Research Paper Essay

Family Counseling Approach Research PaperLiberty University Abstract Family counseling is a concept that is aimed at relating with couples as well as families who are in relationships considered as intimate. This helps to foster and facilitate development changes as it gives viewpoints of transformation as a way of relations among members of a family. Family counseling has a mission for all relationships in a family setting to be healthy psychologically he or she must have good family relationships. This is also referred to as family therapy (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). The way in which family counseling is conducted has its roots from a rather theoretical approach which brings out a common position regarding the practice and theory of counseling. However for this reason there exist several important roles of therapy in counseling that consists of various dissimilar approaches. In a particular theory, the different viewpoints have a similar foundation based on the fact that they sh are particular fundamental characteristics which differentiate from the outlooks in other dissimilar theories (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). The humanistic theory, psychodynamic theory and cognitive behavior related theory are the three most common theories known to have the most impact on a family in counseling. Amongst these three theories this paper will explore and explain family counseling approach of the Psychoanalytic therapy and its approach (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). This paper will also explain five commonly used family therapy theories which are strategic, systematic, intergenerational, structural, and experiential. This will paper also give biblical views to the psychodynamic theory and its biblical approach (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Family Counseling Approach One major approach of family therapy is that of the psychoanalytic family therapy. This view point argues that there exists both subjective and objective interdependence among people who are deemed to be a family. The objective interdependence occurs as a result of the hierarchy generation among generations and the division of labor within the involved subjects (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). This approach was born as a result of various studies that were conducted. At some time, there arose some difficulties in relation to handling the health of the well-being of certain patients and this made therapists take concern on these specific families, in which was seen as pathogenic. However, for those families the patients examinations  were carried out and the precise modes of the functionality of the findings was observed and highlighted. Researchers therefore carried out some studies in order to illustrate the type of communication present among members of the family (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). This information retrieved from researchers was found to be very helpful in further studies it was used in system family psychoanalysis. However the studies on groupings were carried out in a field of psycho sociology and from a psychoanalytic stand point it anticipated new thoughts, for instance it explored the grouping mentality, inter-fantasizing, and the grouping conveyance (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Psychoanalysts used a group of families that comprise of members with a similar life they used families from the past and present life for these experimental purposes. Scholar Freud recommended the conception of telepathic apparatus to give an explanation for the being of psychological aspects related with this apparatuss capacity to allocate and change telepathic power (Papp Shirk, 1994). Making use of this apparatus, Ren faked the model of grouping psychic apparatus, which he describes as an efficacious and intermediary fiction which is on the outlook for becoming an actual building o f a solid group (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Based on this, therapists in the family line conceptualized a family unit grouping intellectual equipment that started off archaically in the persons intuitive and the extrasensory details of the Trans generational custom (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Due to this combination, there was creation of an insensible psychic origin, universal to family members who comprised of the group. This induced a sense of belonging experience which came with a sensation of familiarity (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Desires of individuals were reflected on the line of psychic this however was where they got their content from. The FPA, family psychic apparatus is a contradictory co-construction created from the basics of inner group sensation of every member of the family, in addition to rudiments of a universal psyche as well as of the societal group. FPA as a class entails the sexual character of the tasks dynamic in family relationships (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). In psychoanalysis, this intuitive association of the family collection was taken in around the outline projected by the therapist. The psychoanalyst makes certain psychic safety, permitting the employment of the remedial procedure during the open expression necessary for the steadiness of tempora ry situations, the verity  that the period of the treatment is not known prior, and the rule of self-restraint (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). In their interpretation and involvement psychoanalysts focused particularly on a family group, this part was based on the transfer/counter-transfer. However, family psychotherapy calls for preface effort to permit the family grouping to agree to this extraordinary state of affairs. Maurice Berger according to Stierlin Helm, (1977) came up with a new theoretic-clinical part, in which suggestion to the collection of people and to psychiatric therapy was set aside (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Berger studied the Winnicotian models, and came up with the assumption that the structure of the model was not known in advance by the psychoanalysts, although it had to been created in the company of the family, however at that time his opinion of therapy was denied and avoided (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). The teaching of family psychoanalysts needs a private psychoanalysis, although it is essential to enclose psychoanalytical understanding with associates of an individuals own relations but it is still free to deliberate (Stierlin, Helm, 1977). Family therapy supplies an objective production of the main conceptual underpinnings and medical actions bein g practiced in the field. When modern and traditional approaches to family counseling are presented together with techniques and perspectives, relevant and useful content emerges that helps those in this specific field. These techniques and perspectives also work as a guide for students taking this study to become better family therapists (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013).A theory is described as putting together verified observed occurrences into various fundamental principles. These are measure of how effective a theory is when it produces confirmed forecasts in the occasion when appropriate experimental data is composed (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). According to Goldenberg Goldenberg (2013) there are many times in the field of counseling that a theory receives either certification or confirmation as an indicator of its accuracy of how it actualities and strengthens the families circle. In the context of family counseling, the family therapy and counseling serves the purposes of creating research, creating languages as well as making a theoretical frame work (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Therapists must make good just decisions on how to perceive and understand the clients that their counseling, thi s must be done in a manner in which a counselor knows how to handle clients needs as wellas how to answer them on a step to step basis during therapy and during their counseling   sessions (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Theories offer counselors ideas that permit them to think analytically on issues of human growth and healing progression. Therapy and counseling theories may be observed as having four chief scopes where they too can be adequately acknowledged. These dimensions include the assumption used by the theory, a justification of the attainment of unhelpful and obliging behavior, a justification of how to maintain the identified behavior and a justification on how to aid the clients to transform their behavior and merge their achievements at the end of counseling session (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). The most commonly used family therapy theories are strategic, systematic, intergenerational, structural, and experiential. Systematic family counseling theory has the basic viewpoint as a family should cooperate and work communally taking the problems faced by an individual as a problem to the entire family (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). It is for this reason that therapists depending on this theory ensure that members of a family constantly interact among themselves as this helps in developing the types of relati ons present in the family as well as how every member identify the others (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). After observing the interaction, the therapists then need bring in character to role and demonstrate to clients and member of how to deal with various problems in different ways. When the family members get to perform such actions blame game is avoided and they are in a position to experience life in a family setting together (Guttman, 1991). Structural family therapy theories employ connections and watching of kins structures to establish on the tribulations that call for special attention and change. The counselor turns out to be straightforwardly involved and may possibly operate as a member of the family in order to aid in performing communication (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Analysis of family communication is required to recognize crisis areas and generate a way out to permit the family entity to keep away from misapprehension and oral barriers. A number of key techniques applied in this family psychoanalysis practice are reframing, distortment, reorganization, and acting out (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Experiential therapy puts some emphasis on discharging sincere feelings, talking about the present, and satisfying ones tasks. This works a great deal in avoiding  the blame game as well as reducing chances of emotional problems which are known to cause stress at home. There are many supplementary family therapy suppositions, and clients can go through more than one prior to getting a therapy that works for the family unit (Napier, Whitaker, 1978). Broad studies have been conducted on nearly all of these theories, and clients should delve into curriculums to settle on which one may well be most appropriate for their exact family issues (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Strategic therapy is regularly applied in order to handle an individuals problems by using the members of his or her family. Counselors who employ strategic family therapy theories are concerned in the interpersonal skills, background of the family, in addition to association dynamics. A number of methods entail scheming a genogram, this in which permits the clients and the counselors to build a family hierarchy (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). W hen counselors are trying to establish the cause of particular problem, knowing information of the extended family as well as immediate relations can work a great deal during the counseling process (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Similar to strategic therapy, intergenerational family psychotherapy theories are also based on a transfer process in which feelings, stress, and conducts are transmitted from age group to age group, from the above theories, the theory of choice is the experiential therapy that stresses on actualization, growth, choice, self-determination and freedom. It is different with the other theories that this one describes that once various methods are applied, they occur from the counselors perceptive and impulsive reaction to the existing situations then and are made in a way that boosts the awareness of the patients of the potential they possess as well as open ways of relatives relations (Napier, Whitaker, 1978). On the other hand, its similarity with the other theories emphasizes on the importance of closeness between the counselor and client to achieve better results. Nearly all theories pinpoint this as the whole process of family counseling is an interactive session (Napier, Whitaker, 1978). There is a theory that I thought stood out amongst the rest, intergenerational family counseling theory, there is truly a way in which behavior, anxiety and emotions can be transmitted from one generation to another (Napier, Whitaker, 1978). In the past this had not occurred to me that definitely this could happen but now with the knowledge of the intergenerational theory, it has certainly  occurred to me that if these theories are applied correctly they can be used in my future counseling career (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 2013). Before changing specifically into how I would integrate my faith in family counseling approach, it is fundamental to appreciate how religion and spiritual ethics have appeared to be integrated into psychoanalysis in the recent times (Hathaway, 2005). A certain association concerned in this practice is the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling, which is a part of the American Counseling Association. This was created out of an amalgamation of several organizations, which had a common need of wanting to handle topics and questions of the ways in which counseling integrates religion (Miranti, 2010). In general, ASERVICs function is to guide the counselors already in the field and teach them to integrate ethical, religious and spiritual principles into their operations. My faith is Christianity and therefore in this section, I will give my views on the Christian perspective to family counseling. In this study my faith in God is developing as an ever-changi ng way to a positive life, as well as a optimistically oriented concentration directing to anothers own troubled life, The Christian family counselor is an individual who is based in the biblical ethical structure, and who tries to help other people, in their aspirations, in efforts of restructuring their family according to the framework (Hagedorn, 2005). This kind or restructuring will entail pinpointing the issues not resolved from the original family and coming up with ways to deal with them by evaluating patterns among generations and handling the bondages in generations, assisting in the cognitive reorganization of the unreasonable thinking trends of the family (Hagedorn, 2005). I believe that God is real and he can do anything but fail, there is people in this world that is only for self, money and evil, They come in all shapes and sizes and these people reside in every profession that we can think of. During these last eight weeks I have learned a lot about many different theories of counseling, I have learned about their approaches there meanings and how they was intergraded, but however, until this paper I never learned how God was intergraded into these theories or what purpose did he serve in making these theorist successful intergrading these theories. I feel that the students need the biblical views as well as the knowled ge of these theories in this class. Sometimes just to know that God  and that Godly people are there means a whole lot to a person that has been through hell and high water. I have learned that Counseling and Psychology from a Christian stand point deals with the core and the nature of man. We as counselors need to be aware that struggle of our clients is real in this profession it is not about us. it is about our clients and their families. This is why God is very much needed in this profession. When we are counseling our clients the methodology must be consistent with a theological interpretation of man and mans social context. God cannot and will not allow us as counselors to choose goals or methods to achieve certain goals that will violate the Biblical principles of his holy words (Hagedorn, 2005). In addition, I will make an effort to apply the patient identified theory as well as include the entire family in which the client comes from to make client session a success. My biblical view of this approach is that psychoanalysts family is seen as an entity to God and is grounded on togetherness because what affects one individual, affects the whole family (Richards, Bergin, 2005). The entire family in this case may not specifically refer to only the nuclear family bu t also to the extended family as well. This viewpoint coincides with my faith, As a Christian we are taught to take care of one another and more so love your neighbor as love yourself. When conducting therapy and counseling family members with problems, I feel that there it is a Godly way of extending the love and care for one another. Also, when carrying out the therapy, I aim at ensuring that the problems of my clients are well handled and to the best of my ability the problem is in remission to be solved. I believe that there is a Christian way of handling issues as it signifies keeping an eye on our Godly brothers and sisters. Research has verified that a well-built Christian belief assists lots of believers to courageously handle the difficulties of life. It is for this reason that I believe that incorporating Christian faith in counseling sessions is helpful to clients and there immediate families. In my approach, I plan to be fair firm and consistent with all my clients, this comes of the spirit, soul, body, and the eight main conditions, and the supernatural supremacy of God are all incorporated. First, listening to the particular patient and family members is the key for the purposes of initial assessment. I would then begin Genogram and come up with a therapy and diagnosis plan (Hagedorn, 2005). On a Chri stian  perceptive, the plan should be made in consultation with the parties involved who in this case include family members and the identified patient. According to my Christian faith a family is a unit made up of husband, wife and their children, either their own or adopted ones. Other than the nuclear family, the Bible also recognizes the extended family that is comprised of relatives who are related either by marriage or by blood (Hagedorn, 2005). It is evident that when God asked Cain where his brother Abel was he responded by asking whether he was his brothers keeper. This implies that God wants us to be our brothers keeper. That is why I would incorporate this in the counseling sessions by involving all family members while handling the problems of one of them. I would then do a complete genogram for the patient and then come up with a listing of the sufferings of the patient (Hagedorn, 2005). During my session, I would ensure my client that he or she will get to learn me, and feel that he or she can trust me as well. According to Christian faith, is good to help a person improve their life. By identifying the problems, this will work a great deal in knowing exactly what is bothering the patient. From a systemic viewpoint, the relatives and therapists mu st identify and bear in mind that the relatives, the entire, is superior to the character parts (Gold, 2010). While applying this approach, I would integrate my Christian faith by understanding and focusing on some three critical factors. These include rules, roles and relationships (Kostenberger, Johns, 2004). By concentrating on the connection among the family members, I would not only be seeking to help the communication among them and acknowledgment of one anothers opinions and mind-sets, but also intending to establish a room where advancement can more easily be realized. After this, I would conduct a session of acceptance or what is known as assertiveness training. Then, lasting solutions will be provided of the various pinpointed problems. If for instance the problems of the patient include addiction, anxiety, depression and guilt and shame, I would give a lasting solution for each. In depression, I would ensure that the client will not only stop experiencing pain and incidences of hopelessness but also will experience happiness which is the lasting solution (Richards, Bergin, 2005). For shame and guilt, the patient will not only learn to grant forgiveness to them but will also gain knowledge of how to forgive others for future purposes. In anxiety, I will not only calm the patient down but  also ensure that he or she acquires a peace of mind thereafter. For addition which is affecting most people nowadays, the patient will not only get sober but will also become as whole. While handling the patient, I would consider at Thrive that he or she is not a disorder but a person (Grimm, 1994). The Christian faith teaches that we are beautiful and acceptable to the eyes of the Beholder and that serve to God is like service to man. It is for this reason that the approach in use does not view patients as a set of symptoms or just a chance to make money but it views the client like any other human being. Lastly, the morals of love and forgiveness, which are fundamental standards of Christianity, are fundamental to the family counseling. This means love of the family members to the affected individual in all manner of ways (Hagedorn, 2005). I would there apply that by ensuring that the relatives of the affected party get to understand the importance of loving that individual and not discriminating him or her. By doing this, he or she feels accepted to the world at large. As for forgiveness, as earlier mentioned the individual should be taught to forgive themselves and the relatives should learn to forgive the identified individual in situations where he or she may have done a wrong to either of them. These Christian values can therefore be integrated in family counseling approach. As for the integration section ab ove, one conclusion that can be drawn is that it is possible for one to integrate Christian faith values and principles while using the various counseling approaches. Conclusion In conclusion I have learned that this study focused on the selected approach of psychoanalyst and experiential therapy theory although the results of this integration section can be used to examine other approaches and theories as well. However, therapists and counselors worldwide should consider integrating their faith/religion while handling patients and their families. This is important as it helps those in the counseling area of expertise serve the patients better and professionally to make them better than they were before. References: Evans, J., Evans, K. (2007).Marriage on the rock. Ventura, CA Regal Books. Gold, J. M. (2010). Counseling and spirituality Integrating spiritual and clinical orientations. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education Inc. Goldenberg, H., Goldenberg, I. (2013). Family therapy An overview (8th Ed.). Pacific Grove, CA Brookes/Cole. Grimm, D. W. (1994). Therapist spiritual and religious values in psychotherapy. 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